Tabo. Au African money of account.
See Boss.
Tacolin. An Armenian coin, of which
no specimen is known, but which is referred
to in a grant made in 1333 by Leon
V to the Venetians. Langlois (p. 15)
quotes a passage showing that one hundred
Tacolini were equal to seventy-seven Dirliems.
It may have been a money of account.
Tael. Tlie Chinese Liang or ounce, and
e(iual to about one and one third ounces
avoirdupois. The word is derived from
the Hindu Tola through the Mayalan word
Taliil. It is the nominal unit of China;
its value, however, is fluctuating and it is
subdivided into ten Mace (Chien or
Tsien), one hundred Candareens (Fun),
and one thousand Cash (Li). The Tael is
a weight and there are varieties for each
province. The Ilai-Kwan, or customs
Tael, has the highest valuation. It is
equal to five hundred and ninety and thirty-
five one hundredths grains of pure silver.
See Liang.
The actual trade unit is the Dollar or
Yuan {q.v.), and to harmonize this with
the weight, the value of the Dollar is seven
Mace and two Candareens, i.e., a trifle
less than three fourths of the Tael weight.
Certain provincial coins have been struck,
however, bearing the value of one Tael,
one half Tael, etc. See Ch'ien.
In China silver is frequently cast in a
mold in the form of a truncated cone or
bowl, and coiuiterstamped with Chinese
characters, indicating the weight in taels.
See Sj'cee Silver.
Tahegan. The name given to both a
gold and a silver coin of Armenia. The
former appears to have been of lesser value
than the Tenar {q.v.), the two coins probably
having the same ratio as the Solidus
and the later gold Florin. Its value
varied; Langlois (pp. 10-11) cites several
authorities to show that it was the equivalent
of thirty Draclniias of silver, or forty
Poghs of copper. Sec Drakani.
The silver Tahegan was introduced in
the reign of Leon II (1185-1218), with a
corresponding half, called a Tram.
Tahil. See Tail.
Tail, also written Tahil and Tayell. A
former money of account at Atjeh. See
Mas.
Fonrobert (No. 838) describes a piece of
copper ring money, current at Korindschi,
of which fifteen thousand three hundred
and sixty were equal to the gold Tail.
Taka. The Paisa or piece of ten Dinar
in tiie Afghan coinage. See Sanar.
Takka. Another name for the double
Mohur struck by Prithvi Vira Vikrama,
King of Nepal, after 1881. Specimens
were issued about 1911 in both gold and
silver.
Takoe. An English colonial silver coin
issued by the African Company on the
Gold Coast in 1796. This piece has on
the obverse g. r. in script, crowned, and
on the revei^se the armorial shield of the
company, with the crest of an elephant
above. Its value was one eighth of the
Ackey {q.v.).
Talar. The Thaler of Frederick August,
King of Saxony and Duke of Warsaw,
from 1807 to 1815, is so inscribed.
Talari. The monetary silver unit of
Abyssinia. It is of Dollar or Crown size,
contains three hundred sixty and seventy-
six one hundredths grains of pure
silver, and is divided into halves, quarters,
tenths, and twentieths. The latter, the
smallest silver coin of this country, is
known as tlie Guerche, Gersh, or Piastre.
The Talari issued under King Menelik
wda sometimes referred to as a Menelik,
and, bj- an arbitrary decree, he attempted
to introduce divisions of quarters, eighths,
and sixteenths, instead of the prevailing
decimal system.
The half Talari of Menelik 's series is
called the Agod, the one (juarter the Yaber
Rub, and the one eighth received the name
of Tenan. The Talari obtains its name
from tiie Thaler of Maria Theresa, and
in the Amharic language it is known as
Ber {q.v.). It is also referred to as the
Argenteus.
[i'34]
Talbot Tampang
Talbot. A gold cDiii of the Anglo-Gallic
series, of the value of tvveuty-one Sols
and eight Deniers. An ordinance of Scptemher
10, 1453, provided for this coin
which was to he stnick at Bordeaux in
the name of Henry VI, and also in England
"by eonniiand of the Captain Talbot
[jifterwards Earl of Shrewsbury], then
Lioutenant-General of Henry in Guienne.
"
Talent, from the Greek TsXavcov, a pair
of scales, was later applied to a definite
weight and belongs to the subject of metrology
rather than numismatics.
In Greece there were several standards,
but the one most common made the Talent
ecpial to sixty ilinae; the Mina equal to
one hundred Drachmai ; and the Drachma
equal to six Oboli ; so that a Talent contained
six thousand Drachmai, and when
a Talent of gold is mentioned, the term
refers to tlie weight and not tlie value.
In the Babylonian system the Talent
was also e(iual to sixty Minae or Jlanas,
and the latter was again eqiud to sixty
Siiekels. The Semetic name was Kikkar.
The Roman Talent was a money of account
and corresponded to one hundred
Libral A.sses. It was generally called Centupondium.
For a full account of these early standards
conf. Ilill
( i>p. 28-32), and Cunningham
(pp. 26-31).
Tali. A Javanese money of account, of
the value of one eighth of a Real. See
I'itje and Tra.
Talisman Thaler. The name given to a
variety of Tlialcr struck by David, Count
of Mansfeld, in 1010. It has a figure of
StI George on horseback, and the motto
BKi ciOT 1ST RATH VNii TH.\T. See Madai
(No. 1797).
Tallard. A name given to the silver
Ecu issued l)y (^hai-les III, Duke of Lorraine
and Bar, in 1557.
Tallero. The Italian equivalent of the
Thaler (q.v.). The name is, however, generally
applied to coins of the eighteenth
century and later, to distinguish tiiem
from the Scudo. Exceptions to this rule
are the Tallcri of Francesco Ferrero of
Mcsscrano (1588-1624), and tho.se of Mantua,
Florence, etc., as well as the Tallero
of the Italian colony of Eritrea.
[
The Doges of Venice, from the middle
of the eighteenth century to the end of
the Republic, issued a series of Talleri for
the Levant.
Tallero del Levante. See Levant Dollar.
TsJlero di Convenzione. See Convention
Money.
Tallero di Saui Biagio. See Vislino.
Tallero Rettoralo. See Vislino.
Tallies. See Wooden Money.
Tamano. A term used by Spanish numismatists,
meaning a small portion, and
corresponding to the Bit (q.v.). The Sueldos,
Reales, etc., were formerly frequently
cut into eighths or segments, and the name
Tamano was applied to these pieces.
Tambac-tron. A base silver coin of
Anuam, having on one side inscriptions
surrounding a sun, and on the reverse the
figure of a dragon. It was introduced
during the reign of the Emperor Miuli
Mang (1820-1842), and was current for a
Piastre, or double the value of the Quan
(q.v.). See Fonrobert (2109-11, 2115-17).
There are both dated and undated varieties.
The word Tambac-tron means
''round silver."
Tambio, or Trambiyo. A copper coin
of Cutch and Kathiawar, and equal to the
one fortj'-eighth of the Kori (q.v.).
The name is derived from the Sanscrit
Tamrika, though its root meaning is "of
copper." Codrington states that "in practice
it used to mean a half-pice; originally,
I believe, it meant a pice. '
'
Ta-mig-ma, meaning a "horse's hoof,"
is the name given to one variety of the
Chinese silver ingots used as currency in
Tibet. Its value varies from sixty to
seventy Rupees, according to its weight.
Tamlung, oi- Si Bat. A Siamese gold
or silver coin, of the value of four Ticals
and equivalent to the Tael (q.v.). There
is a half, known as a Kroung Tamlung.
The name is also given to a crude lump
of silver which is used as money in the
Lao States in the northern ])art of Siam.
The-e coins weigh from sixty to sixty-two
grammes.
Tampang, i)r Dampang. A tin coin
struck for Paliang in the Malay Peninsula
from about A.H. 1261-1295. There are
corresponding halves and quarters. From
its shape, resembling a truncated obelisk,
it is commonly known as "hat money."
Tampe, also called Etampe. A billon
coin Issued by France for colonial use
from about 1750 to 1828, in which year
they were demonetized. The usual type
presents the original obverse effaced and
countei"stamped C. Their value varied,
being three Sous and nine Deniers in the
Antilles; two Sous in Cayenne, etc. See
Marque and Sol, and conf. Zay (pp. 65-
70), and Wood, American Journal of Numismatics
(xlviii. 129-136).
Tamunah. See Arruzeli.
Tjine. The Japanese name for the coin
or pattern supplied to the mint workmen
to impress in the sand or clay moulds in
making the regular coins for circulation.
These Tanes or "Seed" Sen are carefully
made of superior metal and are much
sought after by Japanese collectors, and
correspond in a waj' to a proof coin. See
Yeda, Haha Sen, and Yang Ch'ien, the
Chinese equivalent.
Tang. A rectangular copper bar coin
in the style of the Bonk (q.v.), issued by
the Dutch East India Company for Ceylon.
There appear to be two varieties of
four and three quarters, and six Stuivers,
respectively.
Tang. An Armenian copper coin. Langlois
(p. 14) states that it corresponds to
the Denga.
Tanga. Originally a silver coin of Portuguese
India, struck prineipallj' at Goa,
with a value of sixty Reis, and in some
localities of fifteen Bazaruceos.
It appears to have been issued early in
the seventeenth century, and specimens
occur dated as earlj^ as 1642 and counterstamped
v.o.c. by the Dutch, for use in
Ceylon. The Tanga Cruzada has the value
on one side, and a cross with the four figures
of the date in the angles on the reverse.
In 1787 the Tanga was made a copper
coin. The original divisions were halves
and quarters, and to these were added
later pieces of one sixth, one eighth, one
twelfth, one eighteenth, and one twentieth.
The name is probably derived from Tankah,
a coinage introduced by the Patau
Sultans of I)ehli during the fourteenth
century. See Thomas (pp. 116-117), and
the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-245).
[
Tang-au-chon. See Chon.
Tsuig-bak-chon. See Chon.
Tang-Ka, or Padika. A silver coin of
ancient India, the one fourth of the Karsha.
(S'ee Pana.
Tjuig-Ka. The basis of the coinage of
Tibet. It is a silver piece containing a
considerable amount of alloy, the value of
which is nominallj' six Annas, though, as
a rule, three of them are exchanged for
an Indian Rupee, i.e., sixteen Annas.
The subdivisions of the Tang-Ka are
made by cutting up the coin itself. These
divisions are
:
Sho-Kang, "/a of a Tang-Ka equal to 4 Annas.
Chhl-Ke, % " • ' 3
Kar-ma-nga, % " " " 2 "
Kha-Kang, i/o " " " 1 Anna.
Khap-chhe, Vis "' " "
'/a "
The principal varieties of the Tang-Ka
are the following:
Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-Ka, which was
struck at the 6a-deu palace at Lhasa,
about 1750.
Kong-par Tang-Ka, minted at Giamda
on the borders of the Province of Kongbo,
and dated in Tibetan figures.
Pa-nying Tang-Ka, meaning "old Nepalese"
coinage, commonly called Ang-tuk
(qM.), and termed Mohar by the people
of Nepal.
Nag-tang, or black Tang-Ka, a name
given to the Nepalese coinage of Ranjit
Malla Deva, bearing the Newar date 842,
or 1722.
Cho-tang, or "cutting Tang-Ka." A
Nepalese coin since the Gorkha conquest,
not struck for currency in Tibet, but generally
current. Conf. Walsli, Coinage of
Tibet, in Memoirs Asiatic Society of Bengal,
1907 (ii.), and Wood, in American
Journal of Numismatics, 1912. For extensive
historical references concerning the
name, see R. C. Temple in The Indian
Antiquary (xxvi. 235-244).
Tsuikah. A standard in both gold and
silver, of about one hundred and seventyfour
grains in each metal, introduced by
the kings of Dehli. The Tankah was divided
into sixty-four parts, eacli called a
Kani, and equal to four Palus.
On the copper coins of Jahangir, the
son of Akbar, are to be found the words
RAWANi and RAiJ, both meaning "current
coin," and corresponding in weight with
the Tankah. Valentine (p. 162) de-
23G]
Tanner Temple Money
scribes a piece of four Taiikahs struck by
Akbar for Kabul A.H. 996. The piece of
fifty Kani (Fonrobert, No. 2917) was
known as Adli.
Tanner. A slang; name for an English
Sixpence. The word may be a corruption
of Danaro, or from the Gyjisy tann, meaninjr
little, the coin heinpr a small one when
compared with the Shiliinfj. Dickens uses
the term in M<irtin Chuzzleivit (xxxvii.).
Tanuma Go Momme Gin. A Japanese
silver coin, valued at five Momme, issued
in 1765, of rectanjiular shape. It is
said that the metal used was from confiscated
silver ornaments of the Japanese
hidies.
Tao, Tao Ch'ien, Tao Pi. See Knife
Money.
Tare. A small silver coin of northern
Malabai-, and probably struck at Calicut.
It was eipial to half of the Paisa. See
Elliot (pp. 57-58).
In some districts it is known as the Vis
or Viz, and, while the value varied slightly,
it was computed at one sixteenth of
the Fanam, wherever the latter coin was
current.
Tarelares. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1442 in which this denomination occurs
as a money of Brabant.
Targa. An early billon or base silver
coin of the Duchy of Bretagne, of the
value of two Deniers. It is mentioned in
an ordinance of 1459, issued by Count
Francis II.
Tarin, or Taro (plural Tari). In Malta
this appears as a silver coin early in the
sixteenth century, with the value of a
fifth of a Ducato {q.v.). A copper issue
occurs under Giovanni de la Vallette
(1557-1568). Both series had various multiples,
some of them as high as thirty.
In Naples and Sicily the same values
were retained up to 1818, when the Sicilian
Taro was ctpiivalent to half of the
Neapolitan one.
Tarja. An early Castilian copper coin,
of about the value of one fourth of a Real.
The name means a variety of shield, and
til is figure occurs on the coins.
Tartaron, from the Greek TSTap-rjpov
iq.v.), is a term applied in late Roman
times to a bronze piece. See Du Cange,
Dissert, de infer, aevi numisvi.
[
Tartemorion, oi" Tetartemorion. The
one fourth of the Obol and the one twentyfourth
of the Drachm. Aristotle mentions
this as tlie smallest silver coin. It is
known to have been struck at Athens, Colophon,
Aegina, Elis, Tegea, Argos, and
Sicyon.
Tasdan. See TeastuJi.
Tassuj. A Khwarizm coin, the one
(piarter of a Danik, and one twenty-fourth
of a Dinar, or of a Dirhem. It was etpial
to two Habbehs in relation to the Dirhem :
or three Habbehs in relation to the Dinar.
It varies witli the Danik. See Danik.
Tauf Thaler. An expression frequently
found in German catalogues, and applied
to coins having a representation of the
baptism in the river Jordan, as referred
to in St. Matthew (iii.), St. Mark (i.), etc.
Tawil. See Toweelah.
Tayell. A former money of account at
Atjeh. See Mas.
Tchen. See Chien.
Tchu. See Chu.
Tea as currency. See Brick Tea.
Teastun. Dinneen, Irish-EiKjlish l>ictioiiari/,
1904, has: "Teastun, Teastuin. A
fourpenny piece, fourpencc. Itnl. Tcstone.
Englkh. Tester. Scotch Gaelic, Tasdan,
a Shilling.
'"
Teding Penny, or Tething Penny. An
obsolete form of Tithing Penny (q.v.).
Temin Budschu. See Budschu.
Temmin. See Timmin.
Temple Coins. The Drachms or Hemi-
Drachms issued from the temple at Didyma
are so called. They were of the same
types as those of the coins of ^liletus, and
appear to be a special Milesian issue meant
for religious purposes. See Ilill (pp. 80-
81).
Temple Money. A name given to a
series of Chinese medals, dating from the
time of the Sung dyimsty (A.D. 960-
1127). and specialK- of the pei'iod of Tsing-
Kang, A.D. 1126."
These medals were employed at ceremonies
in honor of the god Kuei-Sing,
who forms a part of the constellation of
I'rsus Major. Couf. Kainz, Die xogennnnten
Chinesischen Tempelmiinzen, 1895, and
see also Kangtang.
Tempo. An oblong bronze coin of
Japan, first made in 1835, and of the value
of one hundred Mon or Sen. Its price at
first was thirty to a Ryo of former coin,
this probably representinu; one thousand
Moll, so that its actual value on this computation
would be one to thirty-three and
one third. From 1854 to 1859 this coin
depreciated to sixty to the Ryo, and in
the .year 1860 to a hundred. It has nowfallen
to one hundred and twenty-five to
the Yen, which is one to eight Mon. Sec
Munro (pp. 148-151).
Many Japanese coins and fancifid pieces
of oval form are known as Tempo shaped.
Tempo Koban. >SVr Koban.
Tenan, Temun, or Toumon. The name
given to the one eighth Talari piece of
Abyssinia. »SVe Ber.
Tenar. A gold coin of Armenia, corresponding
to the Dinar (q.v.). The name
appears to be applied to such pieces as
have native inscriptions, the coins struck
by the Georgians, Arabs, etc., receiving the
name of Solidus or Byzant. See Langlois
(passim).
Tenga. The name of certain silver coins
of the various Muhammadan States of Central
Asia. The Tenga of Bokhara is worth
about ten cents. See Denga.
Tenner. A popular name for the ten
Piiund note of the Bank of England.
Thomas Hughes, in Tom Brown at Oxford,
1861 (xix.), says, "No money?" "Not
much; perhaps a tenner."
Tercia Apuliensis. The one third of
the Apuliense (q.v.). It is also called the
Tercia Ducalis, its value being one third
of the Ducato d'Argento.
Terlina. A billon coin struck by Louis
XI 1 of France for Asti, between 1498 and
1518. See Hoffmann (64-75).
Tern. A gold coin struck by the Counts
of Barcelona during the eleventh century,
and valued at one third of the Mancuso
d'Oro, or one twelfth of the Quaterne
{<l.v.). The name is probably a corruption
of Dinar, which appears to be confirmed
by the fact that these coins have
both Arabic and jjatiii inscriptions.
Temar, or Ternarius. The name usiial-
1\- ajjplicd ill the coinage of Poland to a
piece re|)reseiiting a triple Denarius, or
Pfennig. It was introduced by Sigismund
[ 2;i8
III in the latter part of the sixteenth century,
and copied for Posen, Lobseuz, Danzig,
etc.
Temariae formae, or triple Aurei. A
gold coin, said by Laiupridius, Sev. Alex.
(39), to have been issuetl by Elagabalus.
Temiones. The name for the triple Aurei.
Specimens are known of Commodus
and Gallienns.
Territorial Gold. The name given to
certain gold coins issued by the Oregon
Exchange Company in 1849 ; the Moi'mon
coinage in Utah struck from 1849 to 1860;
and the gold coins isstied by three private
firms in Colorado during the years 1860
and 1861. See Private Gold Coins.
Teruncia. A small Roman copper coin,
or perhaps a money of account. See Libella.
The same name is also given to the
Quadrans (q.v.).
Terzarola. A gold coin of Genoa, issued
under the first Doge, Simon Boccanegra
(1339-1344). It was equal to one
third of the Genovino.
The same name is given to a billon coin
of Milan, introduced by the Visconti, in
the fourteenth century, and e(iual to one
third of the Danaro.
Tesserae. A name given to certain
pieces in the Roman series, the use of
which has not been satisfactorily determined.
They exist in both bronze and
lead, and usually have a figiire or portrait
on one side and a numeral of value on
the reverse. It is generally supposed that
they were cmploj-ed as temporary substitutes
for money, such as for admission to
the ancient games, theatres, etc.
Tester. See Testoon.
Teston. From the Italian testa, a head,
and therefore, strictly speaking, any coin
with a head upon it ; the name seems to
have been first applied to certain silver
pieces of Louis XII of France, because
they bore the head of that ruler, and thus
identified the coinage as a national one.
Its value in France was later made at
one quarter of the Ecu. See Tostao.
Testone. The Italian form of the Teston.
There are remarkably fine specimens
struck for Milan during the Sforza dynasty
(1450-1500). The Emi)eror, Charles
V, issued it for Naples and Sicily as ecpial
to two Carlini ; and at Ferrara, under Al-
]
Testoon Thaler
fonso II (1559-1597), it had a value of
eifjhtoen Paoli. It occurs for .Miranilnla,
Savoy, Mantua, in the Papal series, and
numerous other Italian states.
Testoon, or Tester. The Enjjlish equiyaU'nt
of tlu' Tcstoii. It was introduced in
1504, in the third coina^'c of Henry VII,
and was valued at twelve Pence. The coin
is noted as bein^r the first English coin
which lia.s an actual portrait of the reigning
sovereign.
In 1543, under Henry VllI, Testoons
were ordered to be struck, the .silver in
them being of a lower grade of fineness
tiian had been jireviousiy employed. In
1548 they were called in by ju-oclamation,
all persons being forbidden to utter or receive
them in payment, bvit the holders of
any such coins could take them to the
mints and receive other current coins in
exchange, at the rate of twelve Pence for
cverj' piece. The term Shilling soon supplanted
the expression Testoon; Shakespeare
uses Tester in The Merry Wives of
Windsor.
The Testoon first appeared in the Scottish
coituige in 155.3, but these pieces were
struck in Prance by the mill and screw
I)roce.ss. Their value was five Shillings.
Testudo. The name given to such coins
of Aegina as bear the figure of a tortoise.
Tetarte, -ztzipxTi. The one fourth of the
gold Stater, a denomination which was
seldom coined.
Tetartemorion. A Greek silver coin of
the value of one fourth of the Obol (q.v.).
See Tartemorion.
Tetarteron, TS-rapTi^pov. The one fourth
of the Solidus, first coined by Nicephorus
I, Emi)cror of the East.
Tetrachalk, isxpiyatKY.O'/. Tiie ([uadruple
Chalcus (q.v.). Specimens struck at
Chios and by several of the Syrian kings
are known.
Tetradrachm, or Tetradrachmon, represented
the midtiple of four Drachms
iq.v.), and became the most widely circulated
coin of the Greeks.
Tetranommos, or piece of four Nommoi,
is mentioned in a Delian inscription.
Tetras, -.i-paq. The Triens of the Romans,
eipial to one tiiird of the Litra, and
composed of four ounces, or Ilneiae.
Bronze specimens of this denomination are
known to have been struck at Agrigentum.
;\Icnaenum, Segesta, Syracuse, and Kiiegiiini.
Tetrassarion, -rsTpajaap'.ov. A piece of
four Asses (in other words, the Sestertius),
by Greek writers often called Nomos.
It was coined extensively under the Homan
Empire in the Greek cities until the reign
of Claudius.
Tetrastater, or (piailruple Stater. When
this is coined in gold, it is called the Oetodrachni
and the Mnaieion {q.v.).
Tetrobolon. A piece of four Gboli,
coined at Athens and a few other cities.
See Obol.
Tettigia. The zt'-zr^ia TC-roXsiAzr/.i "/p'JJa
of the Uelphie inscriptions are erroneously
supposed to designate certain gold coins,
but in all probability they refer to some
kind of gold ornament. See Babelon,
Traifr (i. 519-521).
Thaler. The best known of all the coins
of the European continent, and one which
enjoyed an uninterrupted popularity for
four centuries. The demand for a large
silver coin was manifested in the latter
part of the fifteenth century for trade and
commercial purposes, due to the great
quantity of silver which was being used in
Europe.
By an edict dated June 4, 1474, Duke
Galeazzo Maria of Milan ordered the striking
of a silver coin of the value of one
fourth of the Ducat. In 1477 Archduke
Sigismund of Tyrol founded a mint at
Hall (in the vicinity of the rich silver
mines at Schwaz), from which mint were
issued in 1484 the so-called Guldengrosehen
{q.v.) of the value of one Gulden,
and approximately of the size of the Thaler.
These new, large, silver coins were
rapidly copied, and a demand was created
by the development of the silver mines in
Tyrol and Bohemia. At the beginning of
the sixteenth century the Emiieror Maximilian
issued Guldengroschen with a bust
portrait and five armorial shields on the
reverse, which were copied after the medallie
Thaler of 1479, struck to commemorate
his marriage with Maria of Burgundy.
Brandenburg coi)ied the Thaler
in 1521, and in 1525 appeared those of
Count Stephan von Schlick in .loachimsthal
in Bohemia, called Joaehimsthaler, or
Schlickthaler. As this term was no doubt found too lengthy, it was abbreviated into
Thaler, a designation thereafter generally
adopted. These were approximately of the
size of the Guldengroschen, but of somewhat
inferior fineness, thus yielding a
larger percentage of profit to those issuing
them. This fact led to their adoption
sooner or later by almost every country
in Europe, with variations of the name,
e.(j., Daler, Tallero, etc.
Bj- an ordinance of 1551 the value of
the Thaler was made equal to seventy-two
Kreuzer, and that of the Guldenthaler, a
smaller coin, sixty Kreuzer. In 1566 the
Thaler was made the legal imperial silver
coin and reduced to a value of sixty-six
Kreuzer in Austria and southern Germany,
but in north Germany it was divided into
Groschen. The latter varied according to
the weight and fineness of the Thaler, and
consequently there exist Thaler of twenty,
twenty-one, twenty-four, twenty-five, thirty,
thirty-two, thirty-six, and even fortyeight
Groschen. This led to the general
practice of applying a certain number of
Groschen to make up the equivalent of a
Thaler, called a Zahlthaler, and this coin
suffered in proportion to the fineness or
debasement of its component parts.
Those Thaler, however, which adhered
to the legal standard were distinguished
from the Zahlthaler by the name of Speciesthaler
{q.v.). These were accepted
throughout Germany on a regular fixed
basis, and in consequence they were valued
at anywhere from two to ten times of the
Zahlthaler. The Speciesthaler, by an ordinance
of 1623, received the name of
Reichsthaler and was made equal to ninety
Kreuzer, or one and one half Gulden in
southern German.y, and twenty-four Groschen
in the northern portions. The Vienna
Monetary Conference of 1857 designated
the Thaler to be equal to one and one half
Austrian Gulden, or one and three quarter
Gulden of the South German States. After
the unification of the German States
into an empire a gold standard was
adopted in 187.'^ and the Thaler was given
a legal tender value of three Marks. In
1907 the Thaler was made subsidiary.
There are large coins issued as multiples
of the Thaler as high as sixteen Speciesthaler
(xre Loserthaler), and divisions
of two thirds, one third, one half, one
sixth, one twelfth, one twenty-fourth, one
eighty-fourth, the latter for the See of
Wiirzburg, and one one hundred and
ninety-second issued for Liibeck in 1706.
Theler. See Judenpfennige.
Thetri. In the Georgian coinage this
word is the equivalent of Albus, or Weis.spfennig.
Two hundred Thetri were equal
to ten Kopecks, or one Abaze.
Thibronian Money, Oi^puvsiov w\).izt^a.
Its mention by Photius has caused considerable
discussion among the learned.
Babelon, Traite (i. 474-478) gives a resume
of the controvei-sy, and finally designates
certain Ephesian gold coins as probably
representing this famous coinage, said to
have been struck by the Spartan general
Thibron.
Thick 'im, and Thin 'un, are slang
English terms used respectivel.y for the
Sovereign and Crown and the corresponding
halves.
Percy Clarke, in his work The New Chum
in Australia (p. 143), has the following:
"If he feel that it were better for him to
quaff the flowing bowl, and he has a
drought within him, and a friend or a
thick 'un to stand by him, he is a . . .
fool to refuse."
Thien. The Annamese word for Ch'ien
(q.V.).
Thin *un. See Thick 'un.
Third Guinea. An English gold coin
issued from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. See
Guinea.
Thirteener. A name formerly current
in Ireland for the English silver Shilling,
tiie same being worth thirteen Pence of the
Iri.sh copper currency.
Lover, Handy Andy (xiv.) says: "With
a bold thirteen in the treasury;" and
Thomas Crofton Croker, in his Legends of
the Lakes (308), speaks of "golden guineas
and lily-white thirteens.
"
Captain Marrj-at, in his no\el,The King's
Own (xxi.), has the following; "He says
that it's two thirteens that must be paid
for it. . . . Have you two shillings?"
Thirteen-pence-half-penny. This sum
was formerly known as "the hangman's
wages," it being the fee given to the executioner
at Tyburn. The name was given
to the Scotch Merk, which after the union
of England and Scotland was decreed to be
current at 13^^ pence.
[ 240 ]
Thistle Crown Tical
It is referred to tiy Defop, in his novel,
Colonel Jack, 1722. who mentions "A paper
of old thirteen-penee-half-penny pieces,
half and quarter pieces, with ninepences,
and four-pence-halfpeniiies, all crooked
money, Scotch and Irish coin."
Thistle Crown. An Enfrlish gold coin
struck only in the rei^'u of James 1 pursuant
to a proclamation of October 20,
1604. Its original value was four Shillings,
which was raised one tenth, or to
four Shillings and four and three quarter
Pence, in 1611. The union of the kingdoms
is referred to in the legend Tucatur
unita Drus, i.e., "May God protect the
united (Kingdoms)." This coin was discontinued
in 1612, the addition to its value
making it extremely inconvenient for
reckoning. It receives its name from the
crowned thistle on one side.
Thistle Dollar, also known as the
Doulile-Mcrk, is a Scottish silver coin
which appears only in the third coinage of
James VI, i.e., from 1578 to 1580, inclusive.
It bears a thistle with large
leaves between the letters i.r. Its weight
is three hundred and forty-three and one
half grains, and it contains eleven parts
of fine silver to one part of alloy.
Thistle Merk. A silver coin of Scotland,
issued in the eighth coinage of James
VI, and bearing the dates 1601 to 1604, inclusive.
The obverse has a thistle crowned,
and its weight is one hundred and five
grains. The half, quarter, and one eighth
Jlerk were struck during the same period.
Thistle Noble. A gold coin of Scotland,
of the weight of one liundred and eighteen
grains, and of a value of £7 Gs. 8rf., which
obtains its name from the thistle on the
side of the ship. The obverse has the
following inscription : iacobvs . 6 . dei .
GR.\TiA . REX . scoTORUM . and a ship with
flags bearing respectively 1 and 6 at the
bow and stern, with a Scottish shield
crowned over the side, and a thistle-head in
the waves.
This piece occurs only in the fourth
coinage of James VI, i.e., in 1588. and the
dies were engraved by Thomas Poulis.
Thousander. iSVr IMiliarensis.
Three Crowns Money. A name given
to a variety of the Groats, half Groats,
Pennies, half Pence, and Farthings, i.ssued
by Edward I\' for Ireland, on a<'connt of
the peculiar reverse, which bears three
crowns, one above the other, witii the inscription
DOMINVS HIBERNIE.
Three Farthings. These silver coins
were first struck li.\- Henry VIII for Ireland,
hut in the English scries they were
not issued until 1561 and discontinued
in 1582. Thej' have never since been
coined.
Three Halfpence. These were issued
simultaneously with the preceding, and
also abandoned in 1582. They were revived
under William 1\' for circidation in
the West Indies and Ceylon, but discontinued
in the last-namecl island in 1870,
when an issue of Cents was ad()i)ted. Sec
Quattie.
Threepence. This English silver coin
first appeared in 1552 in the reign of Edward
VI and was discontinued in 1684.
They were authorized for gen(>ral currency
in 1845, and also formed ))art of the
Maundy Money. From 1834 they were
struck for various colonies, especially Malta,
Mauritius, Ceylon, Sierra Leone, and
the West Indies.
Henry VIII issued a Threejience for
Ireland with the inscri])tion civita-s dvb-
MNiE; this coin was, however, struck in
London.
Thrymsa. An Anglo-Saxon money of
account and a.'ssumed to correspond to the
Tremissis. In Mcrcia the Thrymsa was
equal to three Pence, and the Continental
Saxons had one Shilling of two Thrymsas
and another variety of three. The name
is jirobably derived from the Anglo-Saxon
word (iri, i.e., three. See Ruding (i. 114).
Thiiringer Groschen. The name given
to a series of silver cdins issued by the
^Margraves Balthasar and Fredei-ick of
Meissen early in the fifteenth century. Instead
of the design with the lion, as on
the Fiirstengrosehcii (r/.c), they bear the
Thuringian helmet.
Tiao. A string of Chinese Cash, consisting
in the various provinces fi-om one
hundred to one thousand of the coins, and
supposed to he the e<iuivalcnt of the Tael.
See Kuan, and Ch'uan.
Tical, or Bat. The unit of the silver
coinage of Siam. It was originally in a
spherical form, commonly known as Bullet Money, and based on weiglit, but this type
was superseded in 1861 by ordinary coins
made at Birmingham in England.
The Siamese series ranges as follows
:
2 Lott or Salots — 1 Att, tMiuivalent to onoslxty-
fourth Tloal.
2 Atts = 1 Pal or Phal, equivalent to one-thirtyseconil
Tical.
2 Pais = 1 Song Pai or Silc, equivalent to one sixteentli
Tical.
2 Song Pais = 1 Fuaug. equivalent to one eighth
Tical.
2 Fuangs = 1 Salung or Mayon, equivalent to
one quarter Tical.
2 Salungs = 1 Song Salung, equivalent to one half
Tical.
2 Song .Salungs = 1 Tical or Hat.
2 Ticals =r 1 Song Bat or Kroung Tamlung, equivalent
to 2 Ticals.
2 Song Bats = 1 Tamlung or Si Bat (Tael), equivalent
to 4 Ticals.
20 Tamlungs = 1 Catty or Chang, equivalent to
80 Ticals.
In 1868 a mint was established at Bangkok,
and multiples of the Tical in gold
were introduced.
The silver Tical weighs fifteen and thirty-
sixth one hundredth.s grammes, or two
hundred and thirty-seven grains troy.
The Tical is also counterstamped in various
ways for use in Burma. Hunter, in
his Account of Pegu, says: "The principal
money of this country is silver, which is
not coined, but paid by weight. The
smallest denomination is the tycal ; one
hundred tyeals make one viss; and these
are used in weighing goods as well as
money. '
'
Conf. also, for an entensive account of
the Tical, both as a weight and as a coin,
R. C. Temple in the Indian Antiquari)
(x.wi. pp. 245, 253-256), and Sehroeder (p.
587).
Tien. The Annamese name for a string
of sixty Cash. In 1878 the Tien was reduced
to fifty. A string of six hundred
fash is called a Quan Tien.
Tientje. A name given to the gold ten
(Juldeii piece of the Netherlands.
Tiercelin, or Tiercele. A coin of Haiiiaut,
of the value of five Deniers, and the
third of the Plaisant (q.v.). _ See also
I'ugne.
Tiers. A word used in numismatics to
indicate the third part of any denomination.
There is conseciuently a Tiers d'Escalin.
Tiers de I^ion d'Or, Tiers de Plaque,
etc.
Tiers de Sou d'Or, or Tiers de Sol.
The name given to the gold Triens when
[ •242
adopted by the nations of Western Europe.
It is found in the Merovingian coinage,
struck at Paris, Marseilles, Dnurstede,
Lyons, Viviers, etc., and of somewhat
larger size, among the Visigoths of Spain
from the sixth to the eighth century, with
the mint marks of Cordova, Merida, Coimbra,
Tarragona, Seville, Toledo, etc.
Tiffins. A nickname given to a series of
tokens which, for a time, were verj^ popular
in Canada as substitutes for the inadequate
legal copper currency. They derived
their name from Joseph Tiffin, a Montreal
merchant, who impoi^ed them in large
quantities from Birmingham, England,
about 1825. There are several minor varieties
and numerous imitations.
Tilla. A gold coin of Kashgar in
Turkestan, of Khwarizm, and of Afghanistan.
Timbre de Valencia, or Casquete. The
name given to a gold coin of twentyfour
grammes, introduced by Alfonso V,
King of Aragon (1416-1458), for Valencia.
It varied from previous issues in having
the bust of the king substituted for the
helmeted shield (Scudo casque). There is
a corresponding half known as medio
Timbre de Valencia, or medio Casquete.
See Engel and Serrure (iii. 1346).
Timma. A pewter coin of Keda, Malay
Peninsular, in the form of a cock on two
or more rings. See Ponrobert (2255).
Timmin, or Temmin. The name given
ill Turkey to the piece of five Sols or half
Ecu, stntck at Trevoux, Dombes, in Burgundy,
in 1650. It bears the youthful
portrait of Mile. Anna Maria Louisa d 'Orleans,
and was used as a jewel or decoration.
The type was also extensively imitated
in Italy under the name of the Luigino
(q.v.)/ Conf. also Blanchet (i. 374).
Timpf. See Tympf.
Tin, it is stated, was used for coining
purposes by Dionysius of Syracuse, but
if the tradition is correct, all of these
pieces have disappeared. Lenormant (i.
213) mentions a large hoard of tin Denarii
of the time of Septimius Severns, found
at Lyons, which appear to have been intended
by the government for circulation
in Gaul.
]
Tin Tjugomarker
This inotal is also omployetl for obsidi.
onal issues, ami Mailliet (i. 1-3) cites coins
struck for Alkmar when that citj' was besicfjed
by tiie Spaniards in 1573.
Traders" tokens in Enp;land were occasionally
made of tin, and a tin or pewter
Fartliin-r was struck in 1()84, with the inscription
NVMMOUVM FAMVi^vs, i.e., "the
servant of the coinafje," si«;nifyin<r that
it is a substitute for the rcfiular issues.
These pieces have a small copper stud
driven throuofh the centre to render their
imitation difficidt. See Farthinp;.
In Prance essays of twenty, ten, and five
Francs in this metal were issued during
the second republic of 1848 to 1850.
Tin was also extensively used in the
eoinafre of Java and Sumatra. See Pitje,
and Chalmers (p. 381).
Tin. A depreciating synonym for silver,
especial l.v silver money, and which occurs
in phrases such as "he has the tin,"
"pay the tin," etc.
The name is said to have been first applied
to the small Enjrlish silver coins of
the eighteenth century which before their
recall in 1817 were often worn entirely
smooth and without traces of any inscriptions,
etc., so as to resemble pieces of tin;
Mrs. Gore, in Sketches of Einjlish
Character, 1846 (6), says: "Many i)ersons
. . . remember the villanous old coinage of
George TIT, the tin-like si.Kjienccs, which
added a word to the slang dictionary."
Ting. The former name for the silver
ingots or shoes of Chiiui. The more modern
word is Pao (q.v.). The word Ting
generally refers to the ingot weighing fifty
Taels. Another name is Yin Ting. See
Sycee.
Tingle Dangle Money. See Bridge
Money.
Tinker. A Scotch and Irish dialm't term
for counterfeit bronze or copjicr coin.
In Cruck-a-Ijcaghan, and Slieve Gallion,
Lai/.t rind Lcfjeiifls of the North of Ireland,
1884 (p. 21), occur the following lines:
"Snrchln' for goold—it was shurol.v a ni<u-k
To Hnd <»nl.v ashos Inside av tlic ]Mit.
Ami dlvil a tinlvor ainoiitr til** wlioh- lot."
Sec Kaird Turner {supra).
Tinney. See Bazarucco.
Tippelgroschen. A nickname given to
a ba.sc silver coin struck by the Teutonic
• Order in Prussia during the war with
Poland in 1520. It ha.s two very distinct
points or dots (Ttipfel) above the armorial
shield.
Tir Federal. An inscription which appears
on Swiss shooting pieces of five
Francs, issued for the cantons of Fi-eiburg,
Lausanne, etc. It corresponds to Schiitzenthalcr
iq.v.). The Italian form. Tiro Fedcrale,
occurs on the issues for Lugano.
Tirolino. A silver coin of Bellinzona,
issued early in the fifteenth centuiy for
the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
The obverse has an eagle over a
serpent, with the inscription + moneta —
BELLizoNA. On the revci-se is an eightarmed
cross, four arms of which divide the
inscription vri — svit — VNDi: — rval.
This coin is frequently termed the Gi-osso
Tirolino, but the expression Tii'olino is
used by some authorities to indicate a
mezzo Grosso.
The type was copied by the Fieschi
family for Crevacuoi-e during the sixteenth
century.
Tithing Penny. This is not an actual
coin but the name given to a snuill dut.v
formerly paid by manorial tenants to the
lord, and also a payment made by lords of
manors at the hundi-ed court.
Edward Phillips, in A New World of
Wo7-ds, or General Dictionarn, 1706, has:
"Teding-, Tething-, or Tithing-Penny, a
Tax or Allowance formerly paid to the
Sheriff from evci\v Tithing, towai-ds the
Charge of Keeping Courts."
Titolo. An Italian word used to expi-
ess the purity of the metal employed
for coinage. See Forte.
Tizzy, also written Tizzey, and Tissey.
An English slang tei-m for a Sixpence.
The origin of the word is obscui-e, but it
may be a corrupt ioii of Testoon (q.v.).
The designation is found early in the nineteenth
centurv, and Bulwer emplo.vs it in
The Ca.rtons\v. 1).
Tjaturvin^atimzmam. iSVc Ki'ishnala.
Tjentai. The name given to the gold
coin of four Rupees, sti'iick for Biirma
in 1866, i.e., with the date 1228. Sec Fonrobcrt
(No. 2.306).
Tjugomarker. The Swedish etpiivalent
for triple Thaler. It is usually applied to
the large crown of Charles TX, struck in
1608 with the inscription iehovah * sola-
TIVM MEVM
Tobacco was used in many of the British
Colonies as a medium of exchange for
eurreucy. Oldmixon, in his British Empire
i)i America, 1708, writing of Marj--
hind, says: "The Lord Proprietary had a
Mint here, to coin iloney, but it was never
made much use of. . . . Tobacco is their
Meat, Drink, Cloathing, and Money."
Under the Antigua Act of November 20,
1644, "one thousand pound of good Marchantable
tobacco in Role" was one of the
fines. In the Bermudas the "Martial Officers
at the Toune," i.e., at St. George,
were paid in tobacco in 1620, and later.
See Chalmers (passim).
Tobacco Note. See Inspection Note.
Toghrali. IMarsden states (i. 372) that
this term "does not belong to a particular
denomination, being applied to such pieces,
whether of gold or silver, as are distinguished
by the toghra or royal cipher, and
that of zingirli (from zingir, a chain)
seems to be given only to those coins which
have been pierced with a hole for the purpose
of hanging them on a chain about
the neck."
Toghralu-Funduk. See Funduk.
Toison. See Vlies.
Tokens, or Pledges of Value, as they
were sometimes called, appeared earl.y in
the fifteenth century, and Queen Elizabeth
permitted municipal tokens to be struck
by the cities of Bristol, Oxford, and Worcester.
Erasmus mentions the plwmbei
Aiif/liae. evidently referring to the leaden
tokens issued in the time of Henry VII.
There were three periods in English history
when a large number of tokens were
put into circulation, owing to the inade-
((uacy of the regal coinage. The first of
these was from about 1601 until prohibited
by a royal proclamation dated August 16,
1672, when a regal issue of copper half
Periiiies and Farthings was made. From
17S7 to 1802 the copper coinage was again
insufficient and a large quantity of tokens
appeared. This series were originally described
and inimbered by the Rev. James
Conder, and collectors consequently refer
to them as the Conder Tokens. In 1811 a
third and last series of English tokens ap-
])eared, and these continued until 1817
when an Act was passed which prohibited
their manufacture and use, and persons
[
who had issued any were obliged to redeem
them by the end of the year.
Among the earliest tokens issued in the
United States are those struck in 1789 by
Mott, an importer and dealer in silverware
in New York City, and the ones dated
1794, of the firm of Talbot, Allnm & Lee
of the same place. The latter are sometimes
muled with English half Penny
tokens of the same period.
See also Copperheads, Hard Times Tokens,
and Communion Tokens.
Tola. An Indian weight, chiefly of gold
or silver. The derivation is probably from
the Sanscrit ttita, a balance, or tul, to
weigh, to lift up.
In 1833 a regulation was passed for altering
the weight of the new Farrukhabad
Rupee, and for assimilating it to
the legal currency of the Madras and Bombay
Presidencies, also for adjusting the
weight of the Calcutta Sicca Rupee.
The weight of the Farrukhabad Rupee
was introduced as the unit of a general
system of weights for government transactions
throughout India under the native
denomination of the Tola.
The following scale was adopted
:
8 Rattis = 1 Masha = in tmy grains.
12 Mashas = 1 Tola = ISO tro.v srains.
SO Tolas (sicca weight) = 1 Seer or Sihr = 214
lbs. troy.
40 Seers = 1 Muu. or liazar Maniifl — 100 lbs.
troy.
Tollero, or Tollore. Another form of
\n-iting Tallero {q.i'.). but specially applied
in Tuscan.y to designate the Scudo
issued by Ferdinand I de Medici and his
successors for trading with the Levant.
Toman. A gold coin of Persia, probablv
introduced in the reign of Shah Abbas"
I (A.H. 996-1038 = 1587-1629). Its
original value was ten thousand Dinars,
the money of account (which must not be
confused with the Arabian Dinar), and it
was equal to fiftv Abbasis.
Under Mehem'ed Shah (A.H. 1250-1264 = 1834-1848), a new system of coinage
was introduced, and the equivalents were
1 Toman = 10 Kran.
= 20 Penahart.
ir 200 Shahi.
= 10000 Dinar.
This remained in force until the year 1875,
when, under the Shah Nasr ed-din. the
French monetary system, with the Kran as
a basis, was adopted. At present there are
244 1
Tomin Tourelle
multiples of two, five, and ten Tomans, and
divisions of halves and (inarters.
Tomin. A word sometimes used for the
Real in some of the South Ameriean coinages,
but specifically a])plied to tlie one
fifth Boliviano of Bolivia. See Fonrobert
(969!)).
Tomlno. I)u Cange cites an ordinance
of 1585 in which a coin of this name is
mentioned as being current in the Spanish
possessions. Francesco de Dino (cap.
Ivii.) states that it was a piece of twelve
Deniers used in Seville, and that it was
valued at one si.xteenth of the Castellano.
Tondino, sometimes called Tondello.
An Italian term signifying tiic disc of
metal which is prejiared for striking a
coin. See Planchet.
Tooled. Having tlie device or lettering
on a coin or medal brought out in higher
relief by means of a graver.
Torellino. A variety of the Piccolo of
Parma, issued under Republican rule
(12GU-13;26), and copied by Guido of Correggio
(1341-1345). It received its name
from the figure of a small ox on the coin,
which design may have been adopted to
commemorate the celebrated Torclla da
Strada, master of Parma circa 1220.
Torentje. A silver coin of Louvain, of
the value of half a Groot, struck by Wenceslaus
and Johanna (1355-1405).
A gold coin, known as the Gouden Torens,
was issued by .lolianna pursuant to
an ordinance of August 15, 1393. See v.d.
fhijs (pp. 9.5, 107, 109, 111).
The name of these coins appears to be
derived from tiio doorways on the building
figured on the reverse.
Tori Sumi Sen. See Bun Sen.
Tomese (plural Tornesi). A base silver
and copper coin, common to many of
the Italian states. It occurs in copper under
Alfonso I of Aragon, King of the Two
Sicilies (1442-1468). For Naples, many
nnilti|)lcs e.xist, the largest being the ten
T(n-ncsi, issued from 1819 to about 1860.
The name is a modification of the Gros
Tournois or Turnosgroschen, though the
.style is entirely dirt^^erenf. Its value was
half of the Grano. See Dncato.
Tomesello. A copper coin of Venice,
which appears to have been introduced
about the period of Marino Falier (1354-
[
1355) and continued in use until the beginning
of the sixteenth century. The
type resembled that of the Soldino.
Tomez. A Portuguese silver coin,
which obtains its name from its resemblance
to the Gros Tournois. It appears
to have been originally issued in the reign
of Denis (1279-1325), and discontinued in
the time of Fernando 1 (1367-1383). The
half or Meio Tornez, struck by the latter
monarch, was of billon.
Tortoises. ' A familiar name for the
coins of Aegina, which bear the tortoise,
the .symbol of Aphrodite, the patron goddess
of Aegina. The Greek mime was
Cholonai, XsXtovat. See Pollu.x (ix. 74).
Tostao. A silver coin of Portugal,
which appeared during the reign of John
II (1481-1495), and was struck extensively
at Lisbon and Porto. It had a value of
one hundred Reis, and midtiples exist.
Under John V (1706-1750) its nominal
value was eighty Reis, but this appears
to have been only temporary. This is the
coin fre(pientl}- referred to as the Teston.
Toston. A silver coin of Colombia, Bolivia,
Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, of the
value of four Reales, or half a Peso. See
Fonrobert (8218, 8259).
Touch-piece. A gold coin, usually the
Angel (q.u.), which was handed by a monarch
to a patient suffering from the
"king's evil," a form of scrofula. The
coin was then hung around the neck of
the afflicted i)erson by a white ribbon.
The pi'actice probably had its origin in
a belief in the power of kings to cure
diseases, based on the miracle described in
the gospel of St. Mark (i. 40-41).
The Elder Pretender, Charles Edward
Stuart, claimed the power of healing by
touching, and so did his two .sons, Charles
and Henry, and some of all of these touchpieces
are still extant, those of the latter
beai'ing the name of Henry IX.
The practice of touching was re|)udiated
by William III; Queen Anne disj)ensed
the royal gift at times, and George I abandoned
it.
Toumon. See Tenan.
Tourelle, meaning a small tower, is a
name given to the half Gi'os of Johaiuui
and Wenceslaus, struck for Louvain in
Brabant, in the latter part of the fonrteenth century. The coins have the figure
of a tower upon them.
Tournay Groat. See Gros Tournois.
Toumois. A general name for any coin
struck at Tours, but principally used in
connection with the Gros Tournois (g.t'.).
Toweelah, or Tawil, meaning a "long
bit," is the name given to a variety of
the Larin money, struck at Hasa, on the
Arabian side of the Persian Gulf. See
Allan, in Numismatic Chromcle (ser. iv.
-xii. 324).
Town Pieces. The popular name for
tokens issued by, or current in, a town,
and which are not accepted in payment
bej'oud the municipal limits.
Toxotai, To^oTat. The Greek popular
name for the Daric. See Archer.
Tra, or Trah. A pewter or tin coin of
Keda in the Malay Peninsula. The usual
types have either Malay or Arabic inscriptions.
Conf. Fonrobert (2251-2254), and
Millies (pi. xxii.).
Beaulieu, in his Relation de divers Voyages
Curieux, etc., Paris, 1666 (ii. 83),
states that (transl.) in writing of Keda,
"they cast money somewhat of the material
of French Sous, of a little better alloy,
however, which they call Tras, thirty-two
being worth a dollar."
J. R. Logan, in the Journal of the Indian
Archipelago, 1851 (p. 58), says that
in 1850 "the native Indian coin is called
the Tra, a small round piece of tin, with
a hole in the centre, of which 160 make
a Tali, and eight Tali are worth a dollar."
Trade Dollar. The name given to a silver
Dollar of four hundred and twenty
grains, authorized Iw an Act of Congress,
February 12, 1873, for the purpose of
stimulating commerce with the Orient and
to take tlie place of the Mexican silver
Dollar. It was fii-st struck in 1873 and
discontinued in 1878, during which period
approximately thirty-six million of these
coins were issued. Proofs for collectors
were issued by the mint a.s late as 1885
;
in the last named year only a few were
struck.
By an Act dated February 19, 1887,
Congress provided that for six months
thereafter all Trade Dollars presented to
the Treasury should be exchanged for
standard Dollars, and after that date they
were worth only their metal value.
The entire history of the Trade Dollar
is treated in detail by Porter Garnett, in
the American Economic Review (vii. 91).
The .Japanese also issued a Trade Dollar
about the same time, known in .Japanese
as Boeki. See Munro (p. 213).
Trah. See Tra.
Traiaro, or Traiero. Tlie Italian equivalent
of the Dreier {q.v.). It is applied
speciall}^ to coins of the value of three
Carantani, but the mint of Mantua, in
1732, .struck a coin of approximately half
a Lira which received the same name.
Tram. A silver coin of Armenia, the
half of the Tahegan, and corresponding to
tlie Dirliem. See Langlois {passim).
Trambiyo. iSVf Tambio.
Tranche Cordonnee. A term used by
French numismatists to indicate that the
edge of a coin has a corded appearance.
Trapezeta. An obsolete Italian term
signifying a moneyer or mintmaster. Du
Cange cites records of the tenth century
where tlie word is used.
Traro. A billon coin of Venice, issued
in the latter part of the eighteenth centurj-.
It had a value of five Soldi, and
appears to be a variety of the Lirazza in
its debased form.
Tredesino, or Tredicina. Another name
for the half Lii-a of Bologna, issued by
Ercole I in 1471 and later. It was iisually
valued at three Bolognini.
Tremissis. A gold coin of the Merovingians,
dating back to the seventh century.
It is practically of the same weight and
value as the Byzantine Trieiis. It was
copied at Beneventum, etc. In the Bj^zantine
Empire it was only another name for
tlie Triens or Trimisium (q.v.).
Trentino. See Aquilino.
Trepolcher. A silver coin of one and
one half Groschen, .struck in Sweden under
Gustavus Adolphus and later for Riga,
Elbiug, etc. See Poltora.
Tresel. A .small silver coin of the value
of three Deniors, currenl in the Swiss cantons
of Freiburg, Waadt, etc. In the last
mentioned locality it ajJiieared under Guillaurae
de Challant, Bishop of Lausanne
(1406-1431).
[246]
Treseta
Tripondius
Treseta. A R(>anish copper coin, issued
ill \122 to 1724 for Majorca, with the value
of three Doblers, i.e.. six Dineros. The
general type presents a bust portrait, with
the value, 6, behind the head.
Tresin. A billon coin, belonprin? to tlie
An<rlo-(!allie series and struck by Henry
VI pursuant to an ordinance of June 4,
1423. It was current for three Deniers
Tournois.
Tressis. Scr Tripondius.
Trial Pieces. See Essays.
Trias. Tiic fourth part of the Litra,
corresponding to the Roman Quadraus. It
was struck in silver at Syracuse, and in
bronze at most of the Sicilian mints.
Tribute Money, or the money of atonement
referred to in Exodus (xxx. 13, and
xxxviii. 26), was equal to half a Shekel.
The Tribute Penny, mentioned in the gospel
of St. :Matthew (xxii. 19), was the Roman
Di'iiarius.
Tricephalus. Another name for the Solidus
of Heraclius, Emperor of tlie East
(613-641), which has three heads upon it.
Trichalk, or triple Chalk, Tpi-/aX-/.ov. A
coin known to have been struck in Chios
and bv some of the Seleucid kings of
Syria.
'
Tricollybos. S( ( TT-ikollybon.
Tridrachm, m- Triple Drachm. Tlie -p!-
SpaXl^ov f>f Pollux was rarely struck. Specimens,
however, are known of Cyme, Aiabanda,
and Ephesus.
Tridrachms. .SVr Qnadrigati.
Triens. The third of the As. It bears
on the obverse the head of ]\Iinerva or
Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a
galley. Four bosses are on each side, indicative
of its weight of four ounces. See
Aes Grave.
Triens. A gohl coin in tlie Byzantine
series, eciuai to one third of the Solidus.
It was introduced in tlie reign of Valerian
us (254-260).
The Trientes were copied by the first
Gothic Kings of Spain, and also by the
Merovingians. Ser Tremissis.
Trihemiobolion. A piece of one and
one half Oboli. Sec Obol. Specimens are
known of Athens, Corinth, Leucas, Tegea,
and Cranium.
[24'
Trihemitartemorion. Another form of
the Trihemitetartemorioii.
Triheniitetartemorion. A Greek silver
coin of the value of three eighths of the
Obol (q.v.). Specimens of Athens only are
known.
TrikoUybon. A Greek copper coin, of
the value of three fourths of the Clialcus
(q.v.). At Athens it was equal to three
Lepta. See Collybos.
Trillina. A billon coin of Milan, of the
value of one third of the Testone. It was
introduced in the reign of Giovanni Maria
Visconti (1402-1412), and was in u.se until
the middle of the seventeenth century. The
design on this coin, in tlie reign of Lodovico
I\Iaria Sfoi-za (1494-1500), was made
by Leonardo da Vinci during his stay at
Milan.
Trimisium, -p'.;j.!a!Ov, also known as the
Triens and the Tremissis, was the one third
of the gold Solidus. It was very common
under the later Roman and the fir.st Byzantine
Emperors.
Trinacria. Sec Tri(iuetra.
Trino. A money of Perugia, issued in
1467 and after, and of the value of three
Denari. These coins have the letter P as
a distinguishing characteristic.
Triobol, -ptwpoXov, or the Hemidrachm,
that is, a piece of three Obols, or half a
Drachm. In gold it was struck at Carthage
and by the Ptolemies of Egypt. In silver
it was a very common coin, and was to be
found in nearl}^ every Greek series.
Trionfo. A gold coin of Sicily, struck
in 1490, by order of Ferdinand of Aragon,
and which succeeded tlie gold Reale. It
was computed at fourteen Tari of silver,
and corresponding doubles, halves, and
quarters were 'also issued.
Under Charles VI it was revived in 1723,
and bore the inscription trumi'H.vt on the
reverse.
Tripenon. Another name for the silver
coin of thirty Oboli, struck for tiie Ionian
Islands under English rule. See Obolos.
Tripondius. A multiple of the Roman
As after the first reduction. It bears on
the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma,
and on the reverse the prow of a galley and
the sign m, i.e., three Asses.
It is also known as Tressis.
Triquetra. The name given to a type of
coins on wliich there is a figure of three
legs joined. The design originated in Sicily,
was called by the Greeks Trinacria
from its triangular shape, and was copied
in the Isle of Man. The motto on the latter
coins is quocunque .jesceris stabit.
The name Trinacria was a popular one
for the gold coin of two Oneie, struck bv
Ferdinand III, King of Sicily (1759-1825).
It has the above-named symbol on the revei-
se.
Trite. The name given to the one third
electi'um Stater, which was struck in considerable
numbers at Cyzicus, Phoeaea, and
IMytilene.
Tritemorion, Tritetartemorion, Tritetetartemorion,
meaning three Tartemorions
(q.r.). A Greek silver coin, the three
fourths of the Obol (q.v.). It was struck
at Athens and many of the cities in the
Peloponnesus.
Tritetartemorion, Tpt-r)Tap-:T)[J.6ptov. An
other forin of Tritemorion (q.v.).
Tritetetartemorion, TptTYjisxapTrjiAopiov.
The complete form of the term Tritemorion
(q.v.).
Triumph Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer
Bundrstlialer.
Trochiskos, -poyJiy-Mq. Another name for
t'haron's Obol (q.i'.).
Trojack, or Troiack. A silver coin of
Poland, of the value of three Grossi. It
was struck under Sigismund III circa
15S)2, and continued under Johann Casimir.
There were special issues for Riga.
iSVp Szelong.
Tronetto. A silver coin of the Trentino,
originally of the value of twelve Carantani
but altered in 1813 to fourteen and a half.
Trophy Money. Wliarton, Latv Lexicon,
li^M. states that this is "money formerly
collected and raised in London and
the several counties of England, towards
providing harness, and maintenance for the
militia, etc."
Troue (French). Pierced (q.v.).
Trouvaille. An expression found in the
works of Frencli numismatists, and implying
a discovery, or "find" of coins. It
eoiTcsponds to the German "Miinzfund."
Trussell. See Pile.
Truth Dollar. See Wahrheitsthaler.
Tschal. A very large copper coin, about
fifty millimetres in diameter, issued for
Kaffa by Shahin Girai of Krim (A.H.
1191-1197) before the annexation of the
Crimea to Russia. See Valentine (p. 98).
Tschech. See Tympf.
Tschetwertak. A silver coin of Russia,
of the value of twenty-five Kopecks, or one
quarter Ruble. It was introduced by Peter
I at the beginning of the eighteenth century,
as part of his scheme for the reformation
of the coinage.
In Poland it received the same value,
and was struck in 1842 and later.
Tscheu. See Chu.
Tseh Ma. The Chinese name for Slip
Weight Money. See Weight Money.
Tsentez. The name given to a Turkish
one twentieth Medjidie, or four Metalliks.
Tsi. The name given to the pewter coins
issued at Patha Loeng on the Malay Peninsula.
Tsien. See Ch'ien.
Tsiuen. See Ch'uan.
Tso. Sven Hedin, in his work Central
Asia and Thibet, 1903 (ii. 433), states that
the Tso is the current silver coin of Lhasa.
Tso-tao. A variety of the Knife Money
{q.v.) of the Emj)er()r Wang Mang, and
valued at five thousand Chien.
Tsu Ho. The Japanese equivalent to the
Chinese Tung Pao (q.v.). The circulating
Sen is called the Tsuj'o Sen in contradistinction
to Shiken Sen, etc. (q.v.).
Tughrali. See Toghrali.
Tuin, or Tuyn. A silver double Groot,
struck in Brabant at Maestricht in 1418-
1419, and copied in Holland. The obverse
shows a lion sejant enclosed in a hedge,
and from this the coin obtains its name.
See v.d. Chijs (pp. 132, 137, 138). It is
also known as the Lion a la Ilaie.
Tukkuh. A general name in some parts
of Hindustan for a small copper coin. In
the principality of the Ueccan in former
days, "the money revenue of the country
M'as ])aid in Tukkuhs, with many shells
and little gold."
Tulabhara Kasu, oi- Royal Weight Token.
These coins are gold, of four sizes,
made twice during the reign of each ruler
of Travancore, when, according to ancient
[248]
Tumbling Tams Tysschen Thaler
custom, the ruler prcsoiits his wci^lit iu
gold to the liraliinaus witli olahorate ceremonies.
Their metal value is worth from
thirteen to two Shillings.
Tumbling Tams. An Eui^lish dialect
term for the thick half Pennies of the
reifrn of Georjie III.
John Gait, in The Last of the Lairds,
1826 (iv. 1) has the followinfj: "I grave him
a whole penny, twa new bawbees, gude
wei<rht, for it was then the days o' the
tuinlilinjr Tams.
"
Tung, or Tung Pao, mcaninfi current or
valuable coin. Tun": Pao, ('hun<r Pan, or
Yuan Pao is found on nearly all Chinese
coins. The Japanese e(|uivalcnt is Tsn Ho.
Sn Pao.
Tung Pi. The Chinese words now commonly
used to desijrnate copper money.
Turchifarus. A former gold coin of the
p]astern Empire. Du Cange cites a document
of ;\Iicliacl Paleologus dated 1261, in
which the term is used.
Turner. A billon coin of Scotland, issueil
in 1614 after James VI had become
King of England. It was of the value of
two Pence. The word is a corruption of
Tournois.
The Turners of the third coiiuige of
Charles I were so extensively counterfeited
that a proclamation was issued l)y Charles
II iu 1661 against the forgeries.
Tumey. A variety of base silver, current
iu Ireland at the beginning of the
fourteenth century. The lunne is derived
from it being an imitation of the (iros
Tournois. In 1339 a writ was issued
against the "Black iloney called Turneys,
"' but allowing it to pass cuiTcnt until
other money should be provided I'm- Ireland.
S,>- Ruding (i. 212).
Tumosgrroschen. »SVy' (ii'os Toui-nois.
Tutenag. An amalgam of copper, zinc,
nickel, and iron, or of pewter and tin. It
was extensively used in the early Indo-
Portuguese coinage of Goa, etc.
Tuttu. See Duddu.
Tuyn. See Tuin.
Tva. In Swedish an adjective, meaning
two, and foinul in conjunction with designations,
e.<j.. Tvamarker, i.e., two Marks.
Tweeblankspenning. See Peiniing.
Twelvepenny Plack. See Non Sunt.
Twelve Pound Piece. See Pistole.
Twenty Pound Piece. The largest of all
the gold coins of Scotland, struck bv James
VI in 1576.
The motto on the reverse, parcerk .
SVBIECTIS . & DEBELLARE . SVPERBOS, i.e., " To
spare the humbled, and to crush the insolent,"
is taken from ^'irgil Aen. (vi. 853).
Tycal. See Tieal.
Tympf, also called Timpf, from the
name of the miutmaster. Antlreas Tymi)f.
A base silver Gulden of Poland, first issued
in 1663. These coins were extensively
struck under the Electors of Saxony as
Kings of Poland, and also by the Electors
of Brandenburg for Danzig, Konigsberg,
and the Polish and Lithuanian provinces.
They bear on one side a portrait of the
ruler, and on the other the figure 18, i.e.,
eighteen Groschen. From this circumstance
they are sometimes referred to as
Achtzehngroscher.
In Russia, the same coin is also called
Tsehech, and here it was issued at the beginning
of the eighteenth century, of the
value of twelve Kopecks. There is a half
T.nnpf of the same period.
Type. In Greek: ewuv, tutcoi;, •/jxpav.-r^f,
(J9paYt(;, liriuTjiJiov, xapaarj^iov, y.6iJi|jia, Tcxi^ix,
jii[ia!, ffiqixerov ; in Latin : tj-pus, figura,
forma, imago. The figure, object, inscrii)-
tion, or other feature on a coin or medal
which characterizes the same.
Tysschen Thaler. Danzig was the first
of the Pru.ssian cities to strike a Thaler.
Of the originals, issued in 1567, bvit two
specimens are known. One of these is in
the Gymnasium at Danzig, and the other
in the St. Petersburg collection. About
1840 the consul Tys at Warsaw ac(iuirc(l
the original die of the reverse, and it is
said had sixteen copies with new obvei-ses
made, which are called Tj-sschen Thaler
after him.
See Boss.
Tacolin. An Armenian coin, of which
no specimen is known, but which is referred
to in a grant made in 1333 by Leon
V to the Venetians. Langlois (p. 15)
quotes a passage showing that one hundred
Tacolini were equal to seventy-seven Dirliems.
It may have been a money of account.
Tael. Tlie Chinese Liang or ounce, and
e(iual to about one and one third ounces
avoirdupois. The word is derived from
the Hindu Tola through the Mayalan word
Taliil. It is the nominal unit of China;
its value, however, is fluctuating and it is
subdivided into ten Mace (Chien or
Tsien), one hundred Candareens (Fun),
and one thousand Cash (Li). The Tael is
a weight and there are varieties for each
province. The Ilai-Kwan, or customs
Tael, has the highest valuation. It is
equal to five hundred and ninety and thirty-
five one hundredths grains of pure silver.
See Liang.
The actual trade unit is the Dollar or
Yuan {q.v.), and to harmonize this with
the weight, the value of the Dollar is seven
Mace and two Candareens, i.e., a trifle
less than three fourths of the Tael weight.
Certain provincial coins have been struck,
however, bearing the value of one Tael,
one half Tael, etc. See Ch'ien.
In China silver is frequently cast in a
mold in the form of a truncated cone or
bowl, and coiuiterstamped with Chinese
characters, indicating the weight in taels.
See Sj'cee Silver.
Tahegan. The name given to both a
gold and a silver coin of Armenia. The
former appears to have been of lesser value
than the Tenar {q.v.), the two coins probably
having the same ratio as the Solidus
and the later gold Florin. Its value
varied; Langlois (pp. 10-11) cites several
authorities to show that it was the equivalent
of thirty Draclniias of silver, or forty
Poghs of copper. Sec Drakani.
The silver Tahegan was introduced in
the reign of Leon II (1185-1218), with a
corresponding half, called a Tram.
Tahil. See Tail.
Tail, also written Tahil and Tayell. A
former money of account at Atjeh. See
Mas.
Fonrobert (No. 838) describes a piece of
copper ring money, current at Korindschi,
of which fifteen thousand three hundred
and sixty were equal to the gold Tail.
Taka. The Paisa or piece of ten Dinar
in tiie Afghan coinage. See Sanar.
Takka. Another name for the double
Mohur struck by Prithvi Vira Vikrama,
King of Nepal, after 1881. Specimens
were issued about 1911 in both gold and
silver.
Takoe. An English colonial silver coin
issued by the African Company on the
Gold Coast in 1796. This piece has on
the obverse g. r. in script, crowned, and
on the revei^se the armorial shield of the
company, with the crest of an elephant
above. Its value was one eighth of the
Ackey {q.v.).
Talar. The Thaler of Frederick August,
King of Saxony and Duke of Warsaw,
from 1807 to 1815, is so inscribed.
Talari. The monetary silver unit of
Abyssinia. It is of Dollar or Crown size,
contains three hundred sixty and seventy-
six one hundredths grains of pure
silver, and is divided into halves, quarters,
tenths, and twentieths. The latter, the
smallest silver coin of this country, is
known as tlie Guerche, Gersh, or Piastre.
The Talari issued under King Menelik
wda sometimes referred to as a Menelik,
and, bj- an arbitrary decree, he attempted
to introduce divisions of quarters, eighths,
and sixteenths, instead of the prevailing
decimal system.
The half Talari of Menelik 's series is
called the Agod, the one (juarter the Yaber
Rub, and the one eighth received the name
of Tenan. The Talari obtains its name
from tiie Thaler of Maria Theresa, and
in the Amharic language it is known as
Ber {q.v.). It is also referred to as the
Argenteus.
[i'34]
Talbot Tampang
Talbot. A gold cDiii of the Anglo-Gallic
series, of the value of tvveuty-one Sols
and eight Deniers. An ordinance of Scptemher
10, 1453, provided for this coin
which was to he stnick at Bordeaux in
the name of Henry VI, and also in England
"by eonniiand of the Captain Talbot
[jifterwards Earl of Shrewsbury], then
Lioutenant-General of Henry in Guienne.
"
Talent, from the Greek TsXavcov, a pair
of scales, was later applied to a definite
weight and belongs to the subject of metrology
rather than numismatics.
In Greece there were several standards,
but the one most common made the Talent
ecpial to sixty ilinae; the Mina equal to
one hundred Drachmai ; and the Drachma
equal to six Oboli ; so that a Talent contained
six thousand Drachmai, and when
a Talent of gold is mentioned, the term
refers to tlie weight and not tlie value.
In the Babylonian system the Talent
was also e(iual to sixty Minae or Jlanas,
and the latter was again eqiud to sixty
Siiekels. The Semetic name was Kikkar.
The Roman Talent was a money of account
and corresponded to one hundred
Libral A.sses. It was generally called Centupondium.
For a full account of these early standards
conf. Ilill
( i>p. 28-32), and Cunningham
(pp. 26-31).
Tali. A Javanese money of account, of
the value of one eighth of a Real. See
I'itje and Tra.
Talisman Thaler. The name given to a
variety of Tlialcr struck by David, Count
of Mansfeld, in 1010. It has a figure of
StI George on horseback, and the motto
BKi ciOT 1ST RATH VNii TH.\T. See Madai
(No. 1797).
Tallard. A name given to the silver
Ecu issued l)y (^hai-les III, Duke of Lorraine
and Bar, in 1557.
Tallero. The Italian equivalent of the
Thaler (q.v.). The name is, however, generally
applied to coins of the eighteenth
century and later, to distinguish tiiem
from the Scudo. Exceptions to this rule
are the Tallcri of Francesco Ferrero of
Mcsscrano (1588-1624), and tho.se of Mantua,
Florence, etc., as well as the Tallero
of the Italian colony of Eritrea.
[
The Doges of Venice, from the middle
of the eighteenth century to the end of
the Republic, issued a series of Talleri for
the Levant.
Tallero del Levante. See Levant Dollar.
TsJlero di Convenzione. See Convention
Money.
Tallero di Saui Biagio. See Vislino.
Tallero Rettoralo. See Vislino.
Tallies. See Wooden Money.
Tamano. A term used by Spanish numismatists,
meaning a small portion, and
corresponding to the Bit (q.v.). The Sueldos,
Reales, etc., were formerly frequently
cut into eighths or segments, and the name
Tamano was applied to these pieces.
Tambac-tron. A base silver coin of
Anuam, having on one side inscriptions
surrounding a sun, and on the reverse the
figure of a dragon. It was introduced
during the reign of the Emperor Miuli
Mang (1820-1842), and was current for a
Piastre, or double the value of the Quan
(q.v.). See Fonrobert (2109-11, 2115-17).
There are both dated and undated varieties.
The word Tambac-tron means
''round silver."
Tambio, or Trambiyo. A copper coin
of Cutch and Kathiawar, and equal to the
one fortj'-eighth of the Kori (q.v.).
The name is derived from the Sanscrit
Tamrika, though its root meaning is "of
copper." Codrington states that "in practice
it used to mean a half-pice; originally,
I believe, it meant a pice. '
'
Ta-mig-ma, meaning a "horse's hoof,"
is the name given to one variety of the
Chinese silver ingots used as currency in
Tibet. Its value varies from sixty to
seventy Rupees, according to its weight.
Tamlung, oi- Si Bat. A Siamese gold
or silver coin, of the value of four Ticals
and equivalent to the Tael (q.v.). There
is a half, known as a Kroung Tamlung.
The name is also given to a crude lump
of silver which is used as money in the
Lao States in the northern ])art of Siam.
The-e coins weigh from sixty to sixty-two
grammes.
Tampang, i)r Dampang. A tin coin
struck for Paliang in the Malay Peninsula
from about A.H. 1261-1295. There are
corresponding halves and quarters. From
its shape, resembling a truncated obelisk,
it is commonly known as "hat money."
Tampe, also called Etampe. A billon
coin Issued by France for colonial use
from about 1750 to 1828, in which year
they were demonetized. The usual type
presents the original obverse effaced and
countei"stamped C. Their value varied,
being three Sous and nine Deniers in the
Antilles; two Sous in Cayenne, etc. See
Marque and Sol, and conf. Zay (pp. 65-
70), and Wood, American Journal of Numismatics
(xlviii. 129-136).
Tamunah. See Arruzeli.
Tjine. The Japanese name for the coin
or pattern supplied to the mint workmen
to impress in the sand or clay moulds in
making the regular coins for circulation.
These Tanes or "Seed" Sen are carefully
made of superior metal and are much
sought after by Japanese collectors, and
correspond in a waj' to a proof coin. See
Yeda, Haha Sen, and Yang Ch'ien, the
Chinese equivalent.
Tang. A rectangular copper bar coin
in the style of the Bonk (q.v.), issued by
the Dutch East India Company for Ceylon.
There appear to be two varieties of
four and three quarters, and six Stuivers,
respectively.
Tang. An Armenian copper coin. Langlois
(p. 14) states that it corresponds to
the Denga.
Tanga. Originally a silver coin of Portuguese
India, struck prineipallj' at Goa,
with a value of sixty Reis, and in some
localities of fifteen Bazaruceos.
It appears to have been issued early in
the seventeenth century, and specimens
occur dated as earlj^ as 1642 and counterstamped
v.o.c. by the Dutch, for use in
Ceylon. The Tanga Cruzada has the value
on one side, and a cross with the four figures
of the date in the angles on the reverse.
In 1787 the Tanga was made a copper
coin. The original divisions were halves
and quarters, and to these were added
later pieces of one sixth, one eighth, one
twelfth, one eighteenth, and one twentieth.
The name is probably derived from Tankah,
a coinage introduced by the Patau
Sultans of I)ehli during the fourteenth
century. See Thomas (pp. 116-117), and
the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-245).
[
Tang-au-chon. See Chon.
Tsuig-bak-chon. See Chon.
Tang-Ka, or Padika. A silver coin of
ancient India, the one fourth of the Karsha.
(S'ee Pana.
Tjuig-Ka. The basis of the coinage of
Tibet. It is a silver piece containing a
considerable amount of alloy, the value of
which is nominallj' six Annas, though, as
a rule, three of them are exchanged for
an Indian Rupee, i.e., sixteen Annas.
The subdivisions of the Tang-Ka are
made by cutting up the coin itself. These
divisions are
:
Sho-Kang, "/a of a Tang-Ka equal to 4 Annas.
Chhl-Ke, % " • ' 3
Kar-ma-nga, % " " " 2 "
Kha-Kang, i/o " " " 1 Anna.
Khap-chhe, Vis "' " "
'/a "
The principal varieties of the Tang-Ka
are the following:
Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-Ka, which was
struck at the 6a-deu palace at Lhasa,
about 1750.
Kong-par Tang-Ka, minted at Giamda
on the borders of the Province of Kongbo,
and dated in Tibetan figures.
Pa-nying Tang-Ka, meaning "old Nepalese"
coinage, commonly called Ang-tuk
(qM.), and termed Mohar by the people
of Nepal.
Nag-tang, or black Tang-Ka, a name
given to the Nepalese coinage of Ranjit
Malla Deva, bearing the Newar date 842,
or 1722.
Cho-tang, or "cutting Tang-Ka." A
Nepalese coin since the Gorkha conquest,
not struck for currency in Tibet, but generally
current. Conf. Walsli, Coinage of
Tibet, in Memoirs Asiatic Society of Bengal,
1907 (ii.), and Wood, in American
Journal of Numismatics, 1912. For extensive
historical references concerning the
name, see R. C. Temple in The Indian
Antiquary (xxvi. 235-244).
Tsuikah. A standard in both gold and
silver, of about one hundred and seventyfour
grains in each metal, introduced by
the kings of Dehli. The Tankah was divided
into sixty-four parts, eacli called a
Kani, and equal to four Palus.
On the copper coins of Jahangir, the
son of Akbar, are to be found the words
RAWANi and RAiJ, both meaning "current
coin," and corresponding in weight with
the Tankah. Valentine (p. 162) de-
23G]
Tanner Temple Money
scribes a piece of four Taiikahs struck by
Akbar for Kabul A.H. 996. The piece of
fifty Kani (Fonrobert, No. 2917) was
known as Adli.
Tanner. A slang; name for an English
Sixpence. The word may be a corruption
of Danaro, or from the Gyjisy tann, meaninjr
little, the coin heinpr a small one when
compared with the Shiliinfj. Dickens uses
the term in M<irtin Chuzzleivit (xxxvii.).
Tanuma Go Momme Gin. A Japanese
silver coin, valued at five Momme, issued
in 1765, of rectanjiular shape. It is
said that the metal used was from confiscated
silver ornaments of the Japanese
hidies.
Tao, Tao Ch'ien, Tao Pi. See Knife
Money.
Tare. A small silver coin of northern
Malabai-, and probably struck at Calicut.
It was eipial to half of the Paisa. See
Elliot (pp. 57-58).
In some districts it is known as the Vis
or Viz, and, while the value varied slightly,
it was computed at one sixteenth of
the Fanam, wherever the latter coin was
current.
Tarelares. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1442 in which this denomination occurs
as a money of Brabant.
Targa. An early billon or base silver
coin of the Duchy of Bretagne, of the
value of two Deniers. It is mentioned in
an ordinance of 1459, issued by Count
Francis II.
Tarin, or Taro (plural Tari). In Malta
this appears as a silver coin early in the
sixteenth century, with the value of a
fifth of a Ducato {q.v.). A copper issue
occurs under Giovanni de la Vallette
(1557-1568). Both series had various multiples,
some of them as high as thirty.
In Naples and Sicily the same values
were retained up to 1818, when the Sicilian
Taro was ctpiivalent to half of the
Neapolitan one.
Tarja. An early Castilian copper coin,
of about the value of one fourth of a Real.
The name means a variety of shield, and
til is figure occurs on the coins.
Tartaron, from the Greek TSTap-rjpov
iq.v.), is a term applied in late Roman
times to a bronze piece. See Du Cange,
Dissert, de infer, aevi numisvi.
[
Tartemorion, oi" Tetartemorion. The
one fourth of the Obol and the one twentyfourth
of the Drachm. Aristotle mentions
this as tlie smallest silver coin. It is
known to have been struck at Athens, Colophon,
Aegina, Elis, Tegea, Argos, and
Sicyon.
Tasdan. See TeastuJi.
Tassuj. A Khwarizm coin, the one
(piarter of a Danik, and one twenty-fourth
of a Dinar, or of a Dirhem. It was etpial
to two Habbehs in relation to the Dirhem :
or three Habbehs in relation to the Dinar.
It varies witli the Danik. See Danik.
Tauf Thaler. An expression frequently
found in German catalogues, and applied
to coins having a representation of the
baptism in the river Jordan, as referred
to in St. Matthew (iii.), St. Mark (i.), etc.
Tawil. See Toweelah.
Tayell. A former money of account at
Atjeh. See Mas.
Tchen. See Chien.
Tchu. See Chu.
Tea as currency. See Brick Tea.
Teastun. Dinneen, Irish-EiKjlish l>ictioiiari/,
1904, has: "Teastun, Teastuin. A
fourpenny piece, fourpencc. Itnl. Tcstone.
Englkh. Tester. Scotch Gaelic, Tasdan,
a Shilling.
'"
Teding Penny, or Tething Penny. An
obsolete form of Tithing Penny (q.v.).
Temin Budschu. See Budschu.
Temmin. See Timmin.
Temple Coins. The Drachms or Hemi-
Drachms issued from the temple at Didyma
are so called. They were of the same
types as those of the coins of ^liletus, and
appear to be a special Milesian issue meant
for religious purposes. See Ilill (pp. 80-
81).
Temple Money. A name given to a
series of Chinese medals, dating from the
time of the Sung dyimsty (A.D. 960-
1127). and specialK- of the pei'iod of Tsing-
Kang, A.D. 1126."
These medals were employed at ceremonies
in honor of the god Kuei-Sing,
who forms a part of the constellation of
I'rsus Major. Couf. Kainz, Die xogennnnten
Chinesischen Tempelmiinzen, 1895, and
see also Kangtang.
Tempo. An oblong bronze coin of
Japan, first made in 1835, and of the value
of one hundred Mon or Sen. Its price at
first was thirty to a Ryo of former coin,
this probably representinu; one thousand
Moll, so that its actual value on this computation
would be one to thirty-three and
one third. From 1854 to 1859 this coin
depreciated to sixty to the Ryo, and in
the .year 1860 to a hundred. It has nowfallen
to one hundred and twenty-five to
the Yen, which is one to eight Mon. Sec
Munro (pp. 148-151).
Many Japanese coins and fancifid pieces
of oval form are known as Tempo shaped.
Tempo Koban. >SVr Koban.
Tenan, Temun, or Toumon. The name
given to the one eighth Talari piece of
Abyssinia. »SVe Ber.
Tenar. A gold coin of Armenia, corresponding
to the Dinar (q.v.). The name
appears to be applied to such pieces as
have native inscriptions, the coins struck
by the Georgians, Arabs, etc., receiving the
name of Solidus or Byzant. See Langlois
(passim).
Tenga. The name of certain silver coins
of the various Muhammadan States of Central
Asia. The Tenga of Bokhara is worth
about ten cents. See Denga.
Tenner. A popular name for the ten
Piiund note of the Bank of England.
Thomas Hughes, in Tom Brown at Oxford,
1861 (xix.), says, "No money?" "Not
much; perhaps a tenner."
Tercia Apuliensis. The one third of
the Apuliense (q.v.). It is also called the
Tercia Ducalis, its value being one third
of the Ducato d'Argento.
Terlina. A billon coin struck by Louis
XI 1 of France for Asti, between 1498 and
1518. See Hoffmann (64-75).
Tern. A gold coin struck by the Counts
of Barcelona during the eleventh century,
and valued at one third of the Mancuso
d'Oro, or one twelfth of the Quaterne
{<l.v.). The name is probably a corruption
of Dinar, which appears to be confirmed
by the fact that these coins have
both Arabic and jjatiii inscriptions.
Temar, or Ternarius. The name usiial-
1\- ajjplicd ill the coinage of Poland to a
piece re|)reseiiting a triple Denarius, or
Pfennig. It was introduced by Sigismund
[ 2;i8
III in the latter part of the sixteenth century,
and copied for Posen, Lobseuz, Danzig,
etc.
Temariae formae, or triple Aurei. A
gold coin, said by Laiupridius, Sev. Alex.
(39), to have been issuetl by Elagabalus.
Temiones. The name for the triple Aurei.
Specimens are known of Commodus
and Gallienns.
Territorial Gold. The name given to
certain gold coins issued by the Oregon
Exchange Company in 1849 ; the Moi'mon
coinage in Utah struck from 1849 to 1860;
and the gold coins isstied by three private
firms in Colorado during the years 1860
and 1861. See Private Gold Coins.
Teruncia. A small Roman copper coin,
or perhaps a money of account. See Libella.
The same name is also given to the
Quadrans (q.v.).
Terzarola. A gold coin of Genoa, issued
under the first Doge, Simon Boccanegra
(1339-1344). It was equal to one
third of the Genovino.
The same name is given to a billon coin
of Milan, introduced by the Visconti, in
the fourteenth century, and e(iual to one
third of the Danaro.
Tesserae. A name given to certain
pieces in the Roman series, the use of
which has not been satisfactorily determined.
They exist in both bronze and
lead, and usually have a figiire or portrait
on one side and a numeral of value on
the reverse. It is generally supposed that
they were cmploj-ed as temporary substitutes
for money, such as for admission to
the ancient games, theatres, etc.
Tester. See Testoon.
Teston. From the Italian testa, a head,
and therefore, strictly speaking, any coin
with a head upon it ; the name seems to
have been first applied to certain silver
pieces of Louis XII of France, because
they bore the head of that ruler, and thus
identified the coinage as a national one.
Its value in France was later made at
one quarter of the Ecu. See Tostao.
Testone. The Italian form of the Teston.
There are remarkably fine specimens
struck for Milan during the Sforza dynasty
(1450-1500). The Emi)eror, Charles
V, issued it for Naples and Sicily as ecpial
to two Carlini ; and at Ferrara, under Al-
]
Testoon Thaler
fonso II (1559-1597), it had a value of
eifjhtoen Paoli. It occurs for .Miranilnla,
Savoy, Mantua, in the Papal series, and
numerous other Italian states.
Testoon, or Tester. The Enjjlish equiyaU'nt
of tlu' Tcstoii. It was introduced in
1504, in the third coina^'c of Henry VII,
and was valued at twelve Pence. The coin
is noted as bein^r the first English coin
which lia.s an actual portrait of the reigning
sovereign.
In 1543, under Henry VllI, Testoons
were ordered to be struck, the .silver in
them being of a lower grade of fineness
tiian had been jireviousiy employed. In
1548 they were called in by ju-oclamation,
all persons being forbidden to utter or receive
them in payment, bvit the holders of
any such coins could take them to the
mints and receive other current coins in
exchange, at the rate of twelve Pence for
cverj' piece. The term Shilling soon supplanted
the expression Testoon; Shakespeare
uses Tester in The Merry Wives of
Windsor.
The Testoon first appeared in the Scottish
coituige in 155.3, but these pieces were
struck in Prance by the mill and screw
I)roce.ss. Their value was five Shillings.
Testudo. The name given to such coins
of Aegina as bear the figure of a tortoise.
Tetarte, -ztzipxTi. The one fourth of the
gold Stater, a denomination which was
seldom coined.
Tetartemorion. A Greek silver coin of
the value of one fourth of the Obol (q.v.).
See Tartemorion.
Tetarteron, TS-rapTi^pov. The one fourth
of the Solidus, first coined by Nicephorus
I, Emi)cror of the East.
Tetrachalk, isxpiyatKY.O'/. Tiie ([uadruple
Chalcus (q.v.). Specimens struck at
Chios and by several of the Syrian kings
are known.
Tetradrachm, or Tetradrachmon, represented
the midtiple of four Drachms
iq.v.), and became the most widely circulated
coin of the Greeks.
Tetranommos, or piece of four Nommoi,
is mentioned in a Delian inscription.
Tetras, -.i-paq. The Triens of the Romans,
eipial to one tiiird of the Litra, and
composed of four ounces, or Ilneiae.
Bronze specimens of this denomination are
known to have been struck at Agrigentum.
;\Icnaenum, Segesta, Syracuse, and Kiiegiiini.
Tetrassarion, -rsTpajaap'.ov. A piece of
four Asses (in other words, the Sestertius),
by Greek writers often called Nomos.
It was coined extensively under the Homan
Empire in the Greek cities until the reign
of Claudius.
Tetrastater, or (piailruple Stater. When
this is coined in gold, it is called the Oetodrachni
and the Mnaieion {q.v.).
Tetrobolon. A piece of four Gboli,
coined at Athens and a few other cities.
See Obol.
Tettigia. The zt'-zr^ia TC-roXsiAzr/.i "/p'JJa
of the Uelphie inscriptions are erroneously
supposed to designate certain gold coins,
but in all probability they refer to some
kind of gold ornament. See Babelon,
Traifr (i. 519-521).
Thaler. The best known of all the coins
of the European continent, and one which
enjoyed an uninterrupted popularity for
four centuries. The demand for a large
silver coin was manifested in the latter
part of the fifteenth century for trade and
commercial purposes, due to the great
quantity of silver which was being used in
Europe.
By an edict dated June 4, 1474, Duke
Galeazzo Maria of Milan ordered the striking
of a silver coin of the value of one
fourth of the Ducat. In 1477 Archduke
Sigismund of Tyrol founded a mint at
Hall (in the vicinity of the rich silver
mines at Schwaz), from which mint were
issued in 1484 the so-called Guldengrosehen
{q.v.) of the value of one Gulden,
and approximately of the size of the Thaler.
These new, large, silver coins were
rapidly copied, and a demand was created
by the development of the silver mines in
Tyrol and Bohemia. At the beginning of
the sixteenth century the Emiieror Maximilian
issued Guldengroschen with a bust
portrait and five armorial shields on the
reverse, which were copied after the medallie
Thaler of 1479, struck to commemorate
his marriage with Maria of Burgundy.
Brandenburg coi)ied the Thaler
in 1521, and in 1525 appeared those of
Count Stephan von Schlick in .loachimsthal
in Bohemia, called Joaehimsthaler, or
Schlickthaler. As this term was no doubt found too lengthy, it was abbreviated into
Thaler, a designation thereafter generally
adopted. These were approximately of the
size of the Guldengroschen, but of somewhat
inferior fineness, thus yielding a
larger percentage of profit to those issuing
them. This fact led to their adoption
sooner or later by almost every country
in Europe, with variations of the name,
e.(j., Daler, Tallero, etc.
Bj- an ordinance of 1551 the value of
the Thaler was made equal to seventy-two
Kreuzer, and that of the Guldenthaler, a
smaller coin, sixty Kreuzer. In 1566 the
Thaler was made the legal imperial silver
coin and reduced to a value of sixty-six
Kreuzer in Austria and southern Germany,
but in north Germany it was divided into
Groschen. The latter varied according to
the weight and fineness of the Thaler, and
consequently there exist Thaler of twenty,
twenty-one, twenty-four, twenty-five, thirty,
thirty-two, thirty-six, and even fortyeight
Groschen. This led to the general
practice of applying a certain number of
Groschen to make up the equivalent of a
Thaler, called a Zahlthaler, and this coin
suffered in proportion to the fineness or
debasement of its component parts.
Those Thaler, however, which adhered
to the legal standard were distinguished
from the Zahlthaler by the name of Speciesthaler
{q.v.). These were accepted
throughout Germany on a regular fixed
basis, and in consequence they were valued
at anywhere from two to ten times of the
Zahlthaler. The Speciesthaler, by an ordinance
of 1623, received the name of
Reichsthaler and was made equal to ninety
Kreuzer, or one and one half Gulden in
southern German.y, and twenty-four Groschen
in the northern portions. The Vienna
Monetary Conference of 1857 designated
the Thaler to be equal to one and one half
Austrian Gulden, or one and three quarter
Gulden of the South German States. After
the unification of the German States
into an empire a gold standard was
adopted in 187.'^ and the Thaler was given
a legal tender value of three Marks. In
1907 the Thaler was made subsidiary.
There are large coins issued as multiples
of the Thaler as high as sixteen Speciesthaler
(xre Loserthaler), and divisions
of two thirds, one third, one half, one
sixth, one twelfth, one twenty-fourth, one
eighty-fourth, the latter for the See of
Wiirzburg, and one one hundred and
ninety-second issued for Liibeck in 1706.
Theler. See Judenpfennige.
Thetri. In the Georgian coinage this
word is the equivalent of Albus, or Weis.spfennig.
Two hundred Thetri were equal
to ten Kopecks, or one Abaze.
Thibronian Money, Oi^puvsiov w\).izt^a.
Its mention by Photius has caused considerable
discussion among the learned.
Babelon, Traite (i. 474-478) gives a resume
of the controvei-sy, and finally designates
certain Ephesian gold coins as probably
representing this famous coinage, said to
have been struck by the Spartan general
Thibron.
Thick 'im, and Thin 'un, are slang
English terms used respectivel.y for the
Sovereign and Crown and the corresponding
halves.
Percy Clarke, in his work The New Chum
in Australia (p. 143), has the following:
"If he feel that it were better for him to
quaff the flowing bowl, and he has a
drought within him, and a friend or a
thick 'un to stand by him, he is a . . .
fool to refuse."
Thien. The Annamese word for Ch'ien
(q.V.).
Thin *un. See Thick 'un.
Third Guinea. An English gold coin
issued from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. See
Guinea.
Thirteener. A name formerly current
in Ireland for the English silver Shilling,
tiie same being worth thirteen Pence of the
Iri.sh copper currency.
Lover, Handy Andy (xiv.) says: "With
a bold thirteen in the treasury;" and
Thomas Crofton Croker, in his Legends of
the Lakes (308), speaks of "golden guineas
and lily-white thirteens.
"
Captain Marrj-at, in his no\el,The King's
Own (xxi.), has the following; "He says
that it's two thirteens that must be paid
for it. . . . Have you two shillings?"
Thirteen-pence-half-penny. This sum
was formerly known as "the hangman's
wages," it being the fee given to the executioner
at Tyburn. The name was given
to the Scotch Merk, which after the union
of England and Scotland was decreed to be
current at 13^^ pence.
[ 240 ]
Thistle Crown Tical
It is referred to tiy Defop, in his novel,
Colonel Jack, 1722. who mentions "A paper
of old thirteen-penee-half-penny pieces,
half and quarter pieces, with ninepences,
and four-pence-halfpeniiies, all crooked
money, Scotch and Irish coin."
Thistle Crown. An Enfrlish gold coin
struck only in the rei^'u of James 1 pursuant
to a proclamation of October 20,
1604. Its original value was four Shillings,
which was raised one tenth, or to
four Shillings and four and three quarter
Pence, in 1611. The union of the kingdoms
is referred to in the legend Tucatur
unita Drus, i.e., "May God protect the
united (Kingdoms)." This coin was discontinued
in 1612, the addition to its value
making it extremely inconvenient for
reckoning. It receives its name from the
crowned thistle on one side.
Thistle Dollar, also known as the
Doulile-Mcrk, is a Scottish silver coin
which appears only in the third coinage of
James VI, i.e., from 1578 to 1580, inclusive.
It bears a thistle with large
leaves between the letters i.r. Its weight
is three hundred and forty-three and one
half grains, and it contains eleven parts
of fine silver to one part of alloy.
Thistle Merk. A silver coin of Scotland,
issued in the eighth coinage of James
VI, and bearing the dates 1601 to 1604, inclusive.
The obverse has a thistle crowned,
and its weight is one hundred and five
grains. The half, quarter, and one eighth
Jlerk were struck during the same period.
Thistle Noble. A gold coin of Scotland,
of the weight of one liundred and eighteen
grains, and of a value of £7 Gs. 8rf., which
obtains its name from the thistle on the
side of the ship. The obverse has the
following inscription : iacobvs . 6 . dei .
GR.\TiA . REX . scoTORUM . and a ship with
flags bearing respectively 1 and 6 at the
bow and stern, with a Scottish shield
crowned over the side, and a thistle-head in
the waves.
This piece occurs only in the fourth
coinage of James VI, i.e., in 1588. and the
dies were engraved by Thomas Poulis.
Thousander. iSVr IMiliarensis.
Three Crowns Money. A name given
to a variety of the Groats, half Groats,
Pennies, half Pence, and Farthings, i.ssued
by Edward I\' for Ireland, on a<'connt of
the peculiar reverse, which bears three
crowns, one above the other, witii the inscription
DOMINVS HIBERNIE.
Three Farthings. These silver coins
were first struck li.\- Henry VIII for Ireland,
hut in the English scries they were
not issued until 1561 and discontinued
in 1582. Thej' have never since been
coined.
Three Halfpence. These were issued
simultaneously with the preceding, and
also abandoned in 1582. They were revived
under William 1\' for circidation in
the West Indies and Ceylon, but discontinued
in the last-namecl island in 1870,
when an issue of Cents was ad()i)ted. Sec
Quattie.
Threepence. This English silver coin
first appeared in 1552 in the reign of Edward
VI and was discontinued in 1684.
They were authorized for gen(>ral currency
in 1845, and also formed ))art of the
Maundy Money. From 1834 they were
struck for various colonies, especially Malta,
Mauritius, Ceylon, Sierra Leone, and
the West Indies.
Henry VIII issued a Threejience for
Ireland with the inscri])tion civita-s dvb-
MNiE; this coin was, however, struck in
London.
Thrymsa. An Anglo-Saxon money of
account and a.'ssumed to correspond to the
Tremissis. In Mcrcia the Thrymsa was
equal to three Pence, and the Continental
Saxons had one Shilling of two Thrymsas
and another variety of three. The name
is jirobably derived from the Anglo-Saxon
word (iri, i.e., three. See Ruding (i. 114).
Thiiringer Groschen. The name given
to a series of silver cdins issued by the
^Margraves Balthasar and Fredei-ick of
Meissen early in the fifteenth century. Instead
of the design with the lion, as on
the Fiirstengrosehcii (r/.c), they bear the
Thuringian helmet.
Tiao. A string of Chinese Cash, consisting
in the various provinces fi-om one
hundred to one thousand of the coins, and
supposed to he the e<iuivalcnt of the Tael.
See Kuan, and Ch'uan.
Tical, or Bat. The unit of the silver
coinage of Siam. It was originally in a
spherical form, commonly known as Bullet Money, and based on weiglit, but this type
was superseded in 1861 by ordinary coins
made at Birmingham in England.
The Siamese series ranges as follows
:
2 Lott or Salots — 1 Att, tMiuivalent to onoslxty-
fourth Tloal.
2 Atts = 1 Pal or Phal, equivalent to one-thirtyseconil
Tical.
2 Pais = 1 Song Pai or Silc, equivalent to one sixteentli
Tical.
2 Song Pais = 1 Fuaug. equivalent to one eighth
Tical.
2 Fuangs = 1 Salung or Mayon, equivalent to
one quarter Tical.
2 Salungs = 1 Song Salung, equivalent to one half
Tical.
2 Song .Salungs = 1 Tical or Hat.
2 Ticals =r 1 Song Bat or Kroung Tamlung, equivalent
to 2 Ticals.
2 Song Bats = 1 Tamlung or Si Bat (Tael), equivalent
to 4 Ticals.
20 Tamlungs = 1 Catty or Chang, equivalent to
80 Ticals.
In 1868 a mint was established at Bangkok,
and multiples of the Tical in gold
were introduced.
The silver Tical weighs fifteen and thirty-
sixth one hundredth.s grammes, or two
hundred and thirty-seven grains troy.
The Tical is also counterstamped in various
ways for use in Burma. Hunter, in
his Account of Pegu, says: "The principal
money of this country is silver, which is
not coined, but paid by weight. The
smallest denomination is the tycal ; one
hundred tyeals make one viss; and these
are used in weighing goods as well as
money. '
'
Conf. also, for an entensive account of
the Tical, both as a weight and as a coin,
R. C. Temple in the Indian Antiquari)
(x.wi. pp. 245, 253-256), and Sehroeder (p.
587).
Tien. The Annamese name for a string
of sixty Cash. In 1878 the Tien was reduced
to fifty. A string of six hundred
fash is called a Quan Tien.
Tientje. A name given to the gold ten
(Juldeii piece of the Netherlands.
Tiercelin, or Tiercele. A coin of Haiiiaut,
of the value of five Deniers, and the
third of the Plaisant (q.v.). _ See also
I'ugne.
Tiers. A word used in numismatics to
indicate the third part of any denomination.
There is conseciuently a Tiers d'Escalin.
Tiers de I^ion d'Or, Tiers de Plaque,
etc.
Tiers de Sou d'Or, or Tiers de Sol.
The name given to the gold Triens when
[ •242
adopted by the nations of Western Europe.
It is found in the Merovingian coinage,
struck at Paris, Marseilles, Dnurstede,
Lyons, Viviers, etc., and of somewhat
larger size, among the Visigoths of Spain
from the sixth to the eighth century, with
the mint marks of Cordova, Merida, Coimbra,
Tarragona, Seville, Toledo, etc.
Tiffins. A nickname given to a series of
tokens which, for a time, were verj^ popular
in Canada as substitutes for the inadequate
legal copper currency. They derived
their name from Joseph Tiffin, a Montreal
merchant, who impoi^ed them in large
quantities from Birmingham, England,
about 1825. There are several minor varieties
and numerous imitations.
Tilla. A gold coin of Kashgar in
Turkestan, of Khwarizm, and of Afghanistan.
Timbre de Valencia, or Casquete. The
name given to a gold coin of twentyfour
grammes, introduced by Alfonso V,
King of Aragon (1416-1458), for Valencia.
It varied from previous issues in having
the bust of the king substituted for the
helmeted shield (Scudo casque). There is
a corresponding half known as medio
Timbre de Valencia, or medio Casquete.
See Engel and Serrure (iii. 1346).
Timma. A pewter coin of Keda, Malay
Peninsular, in the form of a cock on two
or more rings. See Ponrobert (2255).
Timmin, or Temmin. The name given
ill Turkey to the piece of five Sols or half
Ecu, stntck at Trevoux, Dombes, in Burgundy,
in 1650. It bears the youthful
portrait of Mile. Anna Maria Louisa d 'Orleans,
and was used as a jewel or decoration.
The type was also extensively imitated
in Italy under the name of the Luigino
(q.v.)/ Conf. also Blanchet (i. 374).
Timpf. See Tympf.
Tin, it is stated, was used for coining
purposes by Dionysius of Syracuse, but
if the tradition is correct, all of these
pieces have disappeared. Lenormant (i.
213) mentions a large hoard of tin Denarii
of the time of Septimius Severns, found
at Lyons, which appear to have been intended
by the government for circulation
in Gaul.
]
Tin Tjugomarker
This inotal is also omployetl for obsidi.
onal issues, ami Mailliet (i. 1-3) cites coins
struck for Alkmar when that citj' was besicfjed
by tiie Spaniards in 1573.
Traders" tokens in Enp;land were occasionally
made of tin, and a tin or pewter
Fartliin-r was struck in 1()84, with the inscription
NVMMOUVM FAMVi^vs, i.e., "the
servant of the coinafje," si«;nifyin<r that
it is a substitute for the rcfiular issues.
These pieces have a small copper stud
driven throuofh the centre to render their
imitation difficidt. See Farthinp;.
In Prance essays of twenty, ten, and five
Francs in this metal were issued during
the second republic of 1848 to 1850.
Tin was also extensively used in the
eoinafre of Java and Sumatra. See Pitje,
and Chalmers (p. 381).
Tin. A depreciating synonym for silver,
especial l.v silver money, and which occurs
in phrases such as "he has the tin,"
"pay the tin," etc.
The name is said to have been first applied
to the small Enjrlish silver coins of
the eighteenth century which before their
recall in 1817 were often worn entirely
smooth and without traces of any inscriptions,
etc., so as to resemble pieces of tin;
Mrs. Gore, in Sketches of Einjlish
Character, 1846 (6), says: "Many i)ersons
. . . remember the villanous old coinage of
George TIT, the tin-like si.Kjienccs, which
added a word to the slang dictionary."
Ting. The former name for the silver
ingots or shoes of Chiiui. The more modern
word is Pao (q.v.). The word Ting
generally refers to the ingot weighing fifty
Taels. Another name is Yin Ting. See
Sycee.
Tingle Dangle Money. See Bridge
Money.
Tinker. A Scotch and Irish dialm't term
for counterfeit bronze or copjicr coin.
In Cruck-a-Ijcaghan, and Slieve Gallion,
Lai/.t rind Lcfjeiifls of the North of Ireland,
1884 (p. 21), occur the following lines:
"Snrchln' for goold—it was shurol.v a ni<u-k
To Hnd <»nl.v ashos Inside av tlic ]Mit.
Ami dlvil a tinlvor ainoiitr til** wlioh- lot."
Sec Kaird Turner {supra).
Tinney. See Bazarucco.
Tippelgroschen. A nickname given to
a ba.sc silver coin struck by the Teutonic
• Order in Prussia during the war with
Poland in 1520. It ha.s two very distinct
points or dots (Ttipfel) above the armorial
shield.
Tir Federal. An inscription which appears
on Swiss shooting pieces of five
Francs, issued for the cantons of Fi-eiburg,
Lausanne, etc. It corresponds to Schiitzenthalcr
iq.v.). The Italian form. Tiro Fedcrale,
occurs on the issues for Lugano.
Tirolino. A silver coin of Bellinzona,
issued early in the fifteenth centuiy for
the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
The obverse has an eagle over a
serpent, with the inscription + moneta —
BELLizoNA. On the revci-se is an eightarmed
cross, four arms of which divide the
inscription vri — svit — VNDi: — rval.
This coin is frequently termed the Gi-osso
Tirolino, but the expression Tii'olino is
used by some authorities to indicate a
mezzo Grosso.
The type was copied by the Fieschi
family for Crevacuoi-e during the sixteenth
century.
Tithing Penny. This is not an actual
coin but the name given to a snuill dut.v
formerly paid by manorial tenants to the
lord, and also a payment made by lords of
manors at the hundi-ed court.
Edward Phillips, in A New World of
Wo7-ds, or General Dictionarn, 1706, has:
"Teding-, Tething-, or Tithing-Penny, a
Tax or Allowance formerly paid to the
Sheriff from evci\v Tithing, towai-ds the
Charge of Keeping Courts."
Titolo. An Italian word used to expi-
ess the purity of the metal employed
for coinage. See Forte.
Tizzy, also written Tizzey, and Tissey.
An English slang tei-m for a Sixpence.
The origin of the word is obscui-e, but it
may be a corrupt ioii of Testoon (q.v.).
The designation is found early in the nineteenth
centurv, and Bulwer emplo.vs it in
The Ca.rtons\v. 1).
Tjaturvin^atimzmam. iSVc Ki'ishnala.
Tjentai. The name given to the gold
coin of four Rupees, sti'iick for Biirma
in 1866, i.e., with the date 1228. Sec Fonrobcrt
(No. 2.306).
Tjugomarker. The Swedish etpiivalent
for triple Thaler. It is usually applied to
the large crown of Charles TX, struck in
1608 with the inscription iehovah * sola-
TIVM MEVM
Tobacco was used in many of the British
Colonies as a medium of exchange for
eurreucy. Oldmixon, in his British Empire
i)i America, 1708, writing of Marj--
hind, says: "The Lord Proprietary had a
Mint here, to coin iloney, but it was never
made much use of. . . . Tobacco is their
Meat, Drink, Cloathing, and Money."
Under the Antigua Act of November 20,
1644, "one thousand pound of good Marchantable
tobacco in Role" was one of the
fines. In the Bermudas the "Martial Officers
at the Toune," i.e., at St. George,
were paid in tobacco in 1620, and later.
See Chalmers (passim).
Tobacco Note. See Inspection Note.
Toghrali. IMarsden states (i. 372) that
this term "does not belong to a particular
denomination, being applied to such pieces,
whether of gold or silver, as are distinguished
by the toghra or royal cipher, and
that of zingirli (from zingir, a chain)
seems to be given only to those coins which
have been pierced with a hole for the purpose
of hanging them on a chain about
the neck."
Toghralu-Funduk. See Funduk.
Toison. See Vlies.
Tokens, or Pledges of Value, as they
were sometimes called, appeared earl.y in
the fifteenth century, and Queen Elizabeth
permitted municipal tokens to be struck
by the cities of Bristol, Oxford, and Worcester.
Erasmus mentions the plwmbei
Aiif/liae. evidently referring to the leaden
tokens issued in the time of Henry VII.
There were three periods in English history
when a large number of tokens were
put into circulation, owing to the inade-
((uacy of the regal coinage. The first of
these was from about 1601 until prohibited
by a royal proclamation dated August 16,
1672, when a regal issue of copper half
Periiiies and Farthings was made. From
17S7 to 1802 the copper coinage was again
insufficient and a large quantity of tokens
appeared. This series were originally described
and inimbered by the Rev. James
Conder, and collectors consequently refer
to them as the Conder Tokens. In 1811 a
third and last series of English tokens ap-
])eared, and these continued until 1817
when an Act was passed which prohibited
their manufacture and use, and persons
[
who had issued any were obliged to redeem
them by the end of the year.
Among the earliest tokens issued in the
United States are those struck in 1789 by
Mott, an importer and dealer in silverware
in New York City, and the ones dated
1794, of the firm of Talbot, Allnm & Lee
of the same place. The latter are sometimes
muled with English half Penny
tokens of the same period.
See also Copperheads, Hard Times Tokens,
and Communion Tokens.
Tola. An Indian weight, chiefly of gold
or silver. The derivation is probably from
the Sanscrit ttita, a balance, or tul, to
weigh, to lift up.
In 1833 a regulation was passed for altering
the weight of the new Farrukhabad
Rupee, and for assimilating it to
the legal currency of the Madras and Bombay
Presidencies, also for adjusting the
weight of the Calcutta Sicca Rupee.
The weight of the Farrukhabad Rupee
was introduced as the unit of a general
system of weights for government transactions
throughout India under the native
denomination of the Tola.
The following scale was adopted
:
8 Rattis = 1 Masha = in tmy grains.
12 Mashas = 1 Tola = ISO tro.v srains.
SO Tolas (sicca weight) = 1 Seer or Sihr = 214
lbs. troy.
40 Seers = 1 Muu. or liazar Maniifl — 100 lbs.
troy.
Tollero, or Tollore. Another form of
\n-iting Tallero {q.i'.). but specially applied
in Tuscan.y to designate the Scudo
issued by Ferdinand I de Medici and his
successors for trading with the Levant.
Toman. A gold coin of Persia, probablv
introduced in the reign of Shah Abbas"
I (A.H. 996-1038 = 1587-1629). Its
original value was ten thousand Dinars,
the money of account (which must not be
confused with the Arabian Dinar), and it
was equal to fiftv Abbasis.
Under Mehem'ed Shah (A.H. 1250-1264 = 1834-1848), a new system of coinage
was introduced, and the equivalents were
1 Toman = 10 Kran.
= 20 Penahart.
ir 200 Shahi.
= 10000 Dinar.
This remained in force until the year 1875,
when, under the Shah Nasr ed-din. the
French monetary system, with the Kran as
a basis, was adopted. At present there are
244 1
Tomin Tourelle
multiples of two, five, and ten Tomans, and
divisions of halves and (inarters.
Tomin. A word sometimes used for the
Real in some of the South Ameriean coinages,
but specifically a])plied to tlie one
fifth Boliviano of Bolivia. See Fonrobert
(969!)).
Tomlno. I)u Cange cites an ordinance
of 1585 in which a coin of this name is
mentioned as being current in the Spanish
possessions. Francesco de Dino (cap.
Ivii.) states that it was a piece of twelve
Deniers used in Seville, and that it was
valued at one si.xteenth of the Castellano.
Tondino, sometimes called Tondello.
An Italian term signifying tiic disc of
metal which is prejiared for striking a
coin. See Planchet.
Tooled. Having tlie device or lettering
on a coin or medal brought out in higher
relief by means of a graver.
Torellino. A variety of the Piccolo of
Parma, issued under Republican rule
(12GU-13;26), and copied by Guido of Correggio
(1341-1345). It received its name
from the figure of a small ox on the coin,
which design may have been adopted to
commemorate the celebrated Torclla da
Strada, master of Parma circa 1220.
Torentje. A silver coin of Louvain, of
the value of half a Groot, struck by Wenceslaus
and Johanna (1355-1405).
A gold coin, known as the Gouden Torens,
was issued by .lolianna pursuant to
an ordinance of August 15, 1393. See v.d.
fhijs (pp. 9.5, 107, 109, 111).
The name of these coins appears to be
derived from tiio doorways on the building
figured on the reverse.
Tori Sumi Sen. See Bun Sen.
Tomese (plural Tornesi). A base silver
and copper coin, common to many of
the Italian states. It occurs in copper under
Alfonso I of Aragon, King of the Two
Sicilies (1442-1468). For Naples, many
nnilti|)lcs e.xist, the largest being the ten
T(n-ncsi, issued from 1819 to about 1860.
The name is a modification of the Gros
Tournois or Turnosgroschen, though the
.style is entirely dirt^^erenf. Its value was
half of the Grano. See Dncato.
Tomesello. A copper coin of Venice,
which appears to have been introduced
about the period of Marino Falier (1354-
[
1355) and continued in use until the beginning
of the sixteenth century. The
type resembled that of the Soldino.
Tomez. A Portuguese silver coin,
which obtains its name from its resemblance
to the Gros Tournois. It appears
to have been originally issued in the reign
of Denis (1279-1325), and discontinued in
the time of Fernando 1 (1367-1383). The
half or Meio Tornez, struck by the latter
monarch, was of billon.
Tortoises. ' A familiar name for the
coins of Aegina, which bear the tortoise,
the .symbol of Aphrodite, the patron goddess
of Aegina. The Greek mime was
Cholonai, XsXtovat. See Pollu.x (ix. 74).
Tostao. A silver coin of Portugal,
which appeared during the reign of John
II (1481-1495), and was struck extensively
at Lisbon and Porto. It had a value of
one hundred Reis, and midtiples exist.
Under John V (1706-1750) its nominal
value was eighty Reis, but this appears
to have been only temporary. This is the
coin fre(pientl}- referred to as the Teston.
Toston. A silver coin of Colombia, Bolivia,
Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, of the
value of four Reales, or half a Peso. See
Fonrobert (8218, 8259).
Touch-piece. A gold coin, usually the
Angel (q.u.), which was handed by a monarch
to a patient suffering from the
"king's evil," a form of scrofula. The
coin was then hung around the neck of
the afflicted i)erson by a white ribbon.
The pi'actice probably had its origin in
a belief in the power of kings to cure
diseases, based on the miracle described in
the gospel of St. Mark (i. 40-41).
The Elder Pretender, Charles Edward
Stuart, claimed the power of healing by
touching, and so did his two .sons, Charles
and Henry, and some of all of these touchpieces
are still extant, those of the latter
beai'ing the name of Henry IX.
The practice of touching was re|)udiated
by William III; Queen Anne disj)ensed
the royal gift at times, and George I abandoned
it.
Toumon. See Tenan.
Tourelle, meaning a small tower, is a
name given to the half Gi'os of Johaiuui
and Wenceslaus, struck for Louvain in
Brabant, in the latter part of the fonrteenth century. The coins have the figure
of a tower upon them.
Tournay Groat. See Gros Tournois.
Toumois. A general name for any coin
struck at Tours, but principally used in
connection with the Gros Tournois (g.t'.).
Toweelah, or Tawil, meaning a "long
bit," is the name given to a variety of
the Larin money, struck at Hasa, on the
Arabian side of the Persian Gulf. See
Allan, in Numismatic Chromcle (ser. iv.
-xii. 324).
Town Pieces. The popular name for
tokens issued by, or current in, a town,
and which are not accepted in payment
bej'oud the municipal limits.
Toxotai, To^oTat. The Greek popular
name for the Daric. See Archer.
Tra, or Trah. A pewter or tin coin of
Keda in the Malay Peninsula. The usual
types have either Malay or Arabic inscriptions.
Conf. Fonrobert (2251-2254), and
Millies (pi. xxii.).
Beaulieu, in his Relation de divers Voyages
Curieux, etc., Paris, 1666 (ii. 83),
states that (transl.) in writing of Keda,
"they cast money somewhat of the material
of French Sous, of a little better alloy,
however, which they call Tras, thirty-two
being worth a dollar."
J. R. Logan, in the Journal of the Indian
Archipelago, 1851 (p. 58), says that
in 1850 "the native Indian coin is called
the Tra, a small round piece of tin, with
a hole in the centre, of which 160 make
a Tali, and eight Tali are worth a dollar."
Trade Dollar. The name given to a silver
Dollar of four hundred and twenty
grains, authorized Iw an Act of Congress,
February 12, 1873, for the purpose of
stimulating commerce with the Orient and
to take tlie place of the Mexican silver
Dollar. It was fii-st struck in 1873 and
discontinued in 1878, during which period
approximately thirty-six million of these
coins were issued. Proofs for collectors
were issued by the mint a.s late as 1885
;
in the last named year only a few were
struck.
By an Act dated February 19, 1887,
Congress provided that for six months
thereafter all Trade Dollars presented to
the Treasury should be exchanged for
standard Dollars, and after that date they
were worth only their metal value.
The entire history of the Trade Dollar
is treated in detail by Porter Garnett, in
the American Economic Review (vii. 91).
The .Japanese also issued a Trade Dollar
about the same time, known in .Japanese
as Boeki. See Munro (p. 213).
Trah. See Tra.
Traiaro, or Traiero. Tlie Italian equivalent
of the Dreier {q.v.). It is applied
speciall}^ to coins of the value of three
Carantani, but the mint of Mantua, in
1732, .struck a coin of approximately half
a Lira which received the same name.
Tram. A silver coin of Armenia, the
half of the Tahegan, and corresponding to
tlie Dirliem. See Langlois {passim).
Trambiyo. iSVf Tambio.
Tranche Cordonnee. A term used by
French numismatists to indicate that the
edge of a coin has a corded appearance.
Trapezeta. An obsolete Italian term
signifying a moneyer or mintmaster. Du
Cange cites records of the tenth century
where tlie word is used.
Traro. A billon coin of Venice, issued
in the latter part of the eighteenth centurj-.
It had a value of five Soldi, and
appears to be a variety of the Lirazza in
its debased form.
Tredesino, or Tredicina. Another name
for the half Lii-a of Bologna, issued by
Ercole I in 1471 and later. It was iisually
valued at three Bolognini.
Tremissis. A gold coin of the Merovingians,
dating back to the seventh century.
It is practically of the same weight and
value as the Byzantine Trieiis. It was
copied at Beneventum, etc. In the Bj^zantine
Empire it was only another name for
tlie Triens or Trimisium (q.v.).
Trentino. See Aquilino.
Trepolcher. A silver coin of one and
one half Groschen, .struck in Sweden under
Gustavus Adolphus and later for Riga,
Elbiug, etc. See Poltora.
Tresel. A .small silver coin of the value
of three Deniors, currenl in the Swiss cantons
of Freiburg, Waadt, etc. In the last
mentioned locality it ajJiieared under Guillaurae
de Challant, Bishop of Lausanne
(1406-1431).
[246]
Treseta
Tripondius
Treseta. A R(>anish copper coin, issued
ill \122 to 1724 for Majorca, with the value
of three Doblers, i.e.. six Dineros. The
general type presents a bust portrait, with
the value, 6, behind the head.
Tresin. A billon coin, belonprin? to tlie
An<rlo-(!allie series and struck by Henry
VI pursuant to an ordinance of June 4,
1423. It was current for three Deniers
Tournois.
Tressis. Scr Tripondius.
Trial Pieces. See Essays.
Trias. Tiic fourth part of the Litra,
corresponding to the Roman Quadraus. It
was struck in silver at Syracuse, and in
bronze at most of the Sicilian mints.
Tribute Money, or the money of atonement
referred to in Exodus (xxx. 13, and
xxxviii. 26), was equal to half a Shekel.
The Tribute Penny, mentioned in the gospel
of St. :Matthew (xxii. 19), was the Roman
Di'iiarius.
Tricephalus. Another name for the Solidus
of Heraclius, Emperor of tlie East
(613-641), which has three heads upon it.
Trichalk, or triple Chalk, Tpi-/aX-/.ov. A
coin known to have been struck in Chios
and bv some of the Seleucid kings of
Syria.
'
Tricollybos. S( ( TT-ikollybon.
Tridrachm, m- Triple Drachm. Tlie -p!-
SpaXl^ov f>f Pollux was rarely struck. Specimens,
however, are known of Cyme, Aiabanda,
and Ephesus.
Tridrachms. .SVr Qnadrigati.
Triens. The third of the As. It bears
on the obverse the head of ]\Iinerva or
Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a
galley. Four bosses are on each side, indicative
of its weight of four ounces. See
Aes Grave.
Triens. A gohl coin in tlie Byzantine
series, eciuai to one third of the Solidus.
It was introduced in tlie reign of Valerian
us (254-260).
The Trientes were copied by the first
Gothic Kings of Spain, and also by the
Merovingians. Ser Tremissis.
Trihemiobolion. A piece of one and
one half Oboli. Sec Obol. Specimens are
known of Athens, Corinth, Leucas, Tegea,
and Cranium.
[24'
Trihemitartemorion. Another form of
the Trihemitetartemorioii.
Triheniitetartemorion. A Greek silver
coin of the value of three eighths of the
Obol (q.v.). Specimens of Athens only are
known.
TrikoUybon. A Greek copper coin, of
the value of three fourths of the Clialcus
(q.v.). At Athens it was equal to three
Lepta. See Collybos.
Trillina. A billon coin of Milan, of the
value of one third of the Testone. It was
introduced in the reign of Giovanni Maria
Visconti (1402-1412), and was in u.se until
the middle of the seventeenth century. The
design on this coin, in tlie reign of Lodovico
I\Iaria Sfoi-za (1494-1500), was made
by Leonardo da Vinci during his stay at
Milan.
Trimisium, -p'.;j.!a!Ov, also known as the
Triens and the Tremissis, was the one third
of the gold Solidus. It was very common
under the later Roman and the fir.st Byzantine
Emperors.
Trinacria. Sec Tri(iuetra.
Trino. A money of Perugia, issued in
1467 and after, and of the value of three
Denari. These coins have the letter P as
a distinguishing characteristic.
Triobol, -ptwpoXov, or the Hemidrachm,
that is, a piece of three Obols, or half a
Drachm. In gold it was struck at Carthage
and by the Ptolemies of Egypt. In silver
it was a very common coin, and was to be
found in nearl}^ every Greek series.
Trionfo. A gold coin of Sicily, struck
in 1490, by order of Ferdinand of Aragon,
and which succeeded tlie gold Reale. It
was computed at fourteen Tari of silver,
and corresponding doubles, halves, and
quarters were 'also issued.
Under Charles VI it was revived in 1723,
and bore the inscription trumi'H.vt on the
reverse.
Tripenon. Another name for the silver
coin of thirty Oboli, struck for tiie Ionian
Islands under English rule. See Obolos.
Tripondius. A multiple of the Roman
As after the first reduction. It bears on
the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma,
and on the reverse the prow of a galley and
the sign m, i.e., three Asses.
It is also known as Tressis.
Triquetra. The name given to a type of
coins on wliich there is a figure of three
legs joined. The design originated in Sicily,
was called by the Greeks Trinacria
from its triangular shape, and was copied
in the Isle of Man. The motto on the latter
coins is quocunque .jesceris stabit.
The name Trinacria was a popular one
for the gold coin of two Oneie, struck bv
Ferdinand III, King of Sicily (1759-1825).
It has the above-named symbol on the revei-
se.
Trite. The name given to the one third
electi'um Stater, which was struck in considerable
numbers at Cyzicus, Phoeaea, and
IMytilene.
Tritemorion, Tritetartemorion, Tritetetartemorion,
meaning three Tartemorions
(q.r.). A Greek silver coin, the three
fourths of the Obol (q.v.). It was struck
at Athens and many of the cities in the
Peloponnesus.
Tritetartemorion, Tpt-r)Tap-:T)[J.6ptov. An
other forin of Tritemorion (q.v.).
Tritetetartemorion, TptTYjisxapTrjiAopiov.
The complete form of the term Tritemorion
(q.v.).
Triumph Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer
Bundrstlialer.
Trochiskos, -poyJiy-Mq. Another name for
t'haron's Obol (q.i'.).
Trojack, or Troiack. A silver coin of
Poland, of the value of three Grossi. It
was struck under Sigismund III circa
15S)2, and continued under Johann Casimir.
There were special issues for Riga.
iSVp Szelong.
Tronetto. A silver coin of the Trentino,
originally of the value of twelve Carantani
but altered in 1813 to fourteen and a half.
Trophy Money. Wliarton, Latv Lexicon,
li^M. states that this is "money formerly
collected and raised in London and
the several counties of England, towards
providing harness, and maintenance for the
militia, etc."
Troue (French). Pierced (q.v.).
Trouvaille. An expression found in the
works of Frencli numismatists, and implying
a discovery, or "find" of coins. It
eoiTcsponds to the German "Miinzfund."
Trussell. See Pile.
Truth Dollar. See Wahrheitsthaler.
Tschal. A very large copper coin, about
fifty millimetres in diameter, issued for
Kaffa by Shahin Girai of Krim (A.H.
1191-1197) before the annexation of the
Crimea to Russia. See Valentine (p. 98).
Tschech. See Tympf.
Tschetwertak. A silver coin of Russia,
of the value of twenty-five Kopecks, or one
quarter Ruble. It was introduced by Peter
I at the beginning of the eighteenth century,
as part of his scheme for the reformation
of the coinage.
In Poland it received the same value,
and was struck in 1842 and later.
Tscheu. See Chu.
Tseh Ma. The Chinese name for Slip
Weight Money. See Weight Money.
Tsentez. The name given to a Turkish
one twentieth Medjidie, or four Metalliks.
Tsi. The name given to the pewter coins
issued at Patha Loeng on the Malay Peninsula.
Tsien. See Ch'ien.
Tsiuen. See Ch'uan.
Tso. Sven Hedin, in his work Central
Asia and Thibet, 1903 (ii. 433), states that
the Tso is the current silver coin of Lhasa.
Tso-tao. A variety of the Knife Money
{q.v.) of the Emj)er()r Wang Mang, and
valued at five thousand Chien.
Tsu Ho. The Japanese equivalent to the
Chinese Tung Pao (q.v.). The circulating
Sen is called the Tsuj'o Sen in contradistinction
to Shiken Sen, etc. (q.v.).
Tughrali. See Toghrali.
Tuin, or Tuyn. A silver double Groot,
struck in Brabant at Maestricht in 1418-
1419, and copied in Holland. The obverse
shows a lion sejant enclosed in a hedge,
and from this the coin obtains its name.
See v.d. Chijs (pp. 132, 137, 138). It is
also known as the Lion a la Ilaie.
Tukkuh. A general name in some parts
of Hindustan for a small copper coin. In
the principality of the Ueccan in former
days, "the money revenue of the country
M'as ])aid in Tukkuhs, with many shells
and little gold."
Tulabhara Kasu, oi- Royal Weight Token.
These coins are gold, of four sizes,
made twice during the reign of each ruler
of Travancore, when, according to ancient
[248]
Tumbling Tams Tysschen Thaler
custom, the ruler prcsoiits his wci^lit iu
gold to the liraliinaus witli olahorate ceremonies.
Their metal value is worth from
thirteen to two Shillings.
Tumbling Tams. An Eui^lish dialect
term for the thick half Pennies of the
reifrn of Georjie III.
John Gait, in The Last of the Lairds,
1826 (iv. 1) has the followinfj: "I grave him
a whole penny, twa new bawbees, gude
wei<rht, for it was then the days o' the
tuinlilinjr Tams.
"
Tung, or Tung Pao, mcaninfi current or
valuable coin. Tun": Pao, ('hun<r Pan, or
Yuan Pao is found on nearly all Chinese
coins. The Japanese e(|uivalcnt is Tsn Ho.
Sn Pao.
Tung Pi. The Chinese words now commonly
used to desijrnate copper money.
Turchifarus. A former gold coin of the
p]astern Empire. Du Cange cites a document
of ;\Iicliacl Paleologus dated 1261, in
which the term is used.
Turner. A billon coin of Scotland, issueil
in 1614 after James VI had become
King of England. It was of the value of
two Pence. The word is a corruption of
Tournois.
The Turners of the third coiiuige of
Charles I were so extensively counterfeited
that a proclamation was issued l)y Charles
II iu 1661 against the forgeries.
Tumey. A variety of base silver, current
iu Ireland at the beginning of the
fourteenth century. The lunne is derived
from it being an imitation of the (iros
Tournois. In 1339 a writ was issued
against the "Black iloney called Turneys,
"' but allowing it to pass cuiTcnt until
other money should be provided I'm- Ireland.
S,>- Ruding (i. 212).
Tumosgrroschen. »SVy' (ii'os Toui-nois.
Tutenag. An amalgam of copper, zinc,
nickel, and iron, or of pewter and tin. It
was extensively used in the early Indo-
Portuguese coinage of Goa, etc.
Tuttu. See Duddu.
Tuyn. See Tuin.
Tva. In Swedish an adjective, meaning
two, and foinul in conjunction with designations,
e.<j.. Tvamarker, i.e., two Marks.
Tweeblankspenning. See Peiniing.
Twelvepenny Plack. See Non Sunt.
Twelve Pound Piece. See Pistole.
Twenty Pound Piece. The largest of all
the gold coins of Scotland, struck bv James
VI in 1576.
The motto on the reverse, parcerk .
SVBIECTIS . & DEBELLARE . SVPERBOS, i.e., " To
spare the humbled, and to crush the insolent,"
is taken from ^'irgil Aen. (vi. 853).
Tycal. See Tieal.
Tympf, also called Timpf, from the
name of the miutmaster. Antlreas Tymi)f.
A base silver Gulden of Poland, first issued
in 1663. These coins were extensively
struck under the Electors of Saxony as
Kings of Poland, and also by the Electors
of Brandenburg for Danzig, Konigsberg,
and the Polish and Lithuanian provinces.
They bear on one side a portrait of the
ruler, and on the other the figure 18, i.e.,
eighteen Groschen. From this circumstance
they are sometimes referred to as
Achtzehngroscher.
In Russia, the same coin is also called
Tsehech, and here it was issued at the beginning
of the eighteenth century, of the
value of twelve Kopecks. There is a half
T.nnpf of the same period.
Type. In Greek: ewuv, tutcoi;, •/jxpav.-r^f,
(J9paYt(;, liriuTjiJiov, xapaarj^iov, y.6iJi|jia, Tcxi^ix,
jii[ia!, ffiqixerov ; in Latin : tj-pus, figura,
forma, imago. The figure, object, inscrii)-
tion, or other feature on a coin or medal
which characterizes the same.
Tysschen Thaler. Danzig was the first
of the Pru.ssian cities to strike a Thaler.
Of the originals, issued in 1567, bvit two
specimens are known. One of these is in
the Gymnasium at Danzig, and the other
in the St. Petersburg collection. About
1840 the consul Tys at Warsaw ac(iuirc(l
the original die of the reverse, and it is
said had sixteen copies with new obvei-ses
made, which are called Tj-sschen Thaler
after him.