Labay, or Labbaye. A silver coin of
Brabant issiu'd by Wenceslaus and Jo
lianna (1355-1405) of the value of one
fourth of a (Jroot. A Dohbele Labbaye,
also called N\imnms Epularis and Gastluael-
Penning wan struck in 1429. Sec
v.d. Chijs (passim).
Lac. A money of account used in India
and representing; one hundred thousand
Rupees. Src Crore.
Lafayette Dollar. A silver coin of the
United States issued in 1900 as a memento
of the Paris Exposition and a mark of
•jood will and appreciation to France for
the services rendered during: the Revolutionary
AVar by General Lafayette.
These coins were sold by popidar subscription,
and the proceeds were used toward
paying; for the erection of a statue
of Lafayette in Paris. The issue consisted
of fifty thousand pieces.
Lai Tzu, oi- Hsing Yeh. In China certain
lig:ht (Hiiiis issued liy Fei Ti, A.D. 465
were thus called. The words mean the
leaves of the Linnanthemum nymphoides,
M'hich are very lig;ht and float on the surface
of the \vat(M'.
LzJcshmi Pagoda. \ name jfiven to a
variety of the Pag;oda (q.v.) which bears
on the obverse a female fig;ure, one of the
Hindu deities.
L'al Jalali. A g;old coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan of the value of ten
Rupees. Sre Sihansah.
Lam. .SVr Gouden Lam.
Lammpfennig. • A variety of bracteate
struck by the Abliey of St. Gallen, Switzerland,
duriiii; the fourteenth century. It
receives its name from the fig;ure of the
Paschal Ijamb on the obverse.
Landmiinze, or Landesmiinze. The
name griven to German copper or base silver
money which circulated oidy in the
province or state where it was struck, to
disting;uisli it from coins which were current
throug;liout an entire king:dom or empire.
The initials L. M. arc fre(|uently
found on these pieces.
[1
Landsberger Pfennige. The name g;lven
to ciM'tain snudi silver coins struck by
Frederick II, Marfrrave of Meissen (1428-
1464). The.v resemble bracteates and were
divisions of the Groschen. They obtain
their name from the fig;ure of the shield
of Landsberg;, and the inscription land.
Another name for the same pieces is
Hriickenpfennigre, as they are supposed to
have been used for paying; toll over the
bridg;e near Dresden.
Langrok, i.e., "long; cloak." A nickname
given to the doidilc Flabhe, or piece
of eig;lit Stuivers issued in Groning;en from
about 1589 to the middle of the seventeenth
century. The allusion is to the
fig:ure of St. Martin, who is habited in a
Ifing; cloak.
Lappen, meaning; "rag;s,'' is a common
nickname for pajier money in Germany,
and, acccu'ding; to the colors on the reverses
of the various denominations, they are distingjuished
as blaue Lappen, braune Lappen,
etc.
Larding Money. Blount, in his Law
Dirtionari/. 1670. states that "in the l\Ianour
of Bradford, in County Wilts, the
Tenants pay to the Manpiis of Winchester,
their Landlord, a small yearly Rent by
this Name."
Wharton, in the Law Lexicon, 1864,
adds that it "is said to be for liberty to
feed their hogs with the masts of the lord's
woods, the fat of a hog being called lard."
Largo. See Giulio.
Lari. A copper coin of the Maldive
Islands issued A.H. 1381, i.e., 1913, and
struck at Male. It bears the Arabic inscription
SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAMS ALDiN
iSKANDAR. There is a piece of four
Laris of the same date.
Larin, or Lari. A si)ecies of wire money
of Persia, which obtains its name from the
|)rovinec of Laristan, and which was formei'ly
ciiiefly current on the coasts of the
Gulf of Persia. Sir .lohn Chardin, who
travelled extensively tiirough Persia from
1664 to 1677, states that these coins were made until Lari was conquered by Abbas
the Great of Persia (1582-1627) and he
estimates their value at two and one half
Shahis.
These coins usually occur in silver, but
specimens in gold exist, and are very rare.
They were extensively imitated, both in
Ceylon and at Bijapur. The former are
first described by Robert Knox, who was
kept a prisoner for twenty years, from
1659 to 1679, in the Kandian provinces of
central Ceylon. He says: "There is another
sort [of money] which all people by
the King's permission may and do make,
the shape is like a fish-hook, they stamp
what mark or impression on it they please;
the silver is purely fine beyond pieces of
eight; for, if any suspect. the goodness of
the plate, it is the custom to burn the
money in the fire, red hot, and so put it
in water, and if it be not then purely
white, it is not current money."
Professor Wilson, in his remarks on
fish-hook money, contributed to the Nuinismatic
Chronicle (vol. xvi), describes some
pieces of silver wire, not hooked, which
were coined in imitation of the Laris, at
Bijapur by the Sultan Ali Adil Shah, who
reigned from 1670 to 1691. They bear on
both sides legeiuls in Arabic characters
;
on one side the Sultan's name and on the
other "Zarb Lari Dangh Sikka," i.e.,
"Struck at Lari, a stamped Dangh." They
are of the same weight as the Ceylon hooks,
viz., about one hundred and seventy grains
troy.
The Ceylon types are known in Sinhalese
under the name of Ridi, i.e., silver.
For a detailed account of the Larins, the
reader is referred to the treatise by Rhys
Davids (sec. 68-78), Codrington (p. 118),
and Allen, Numiisinatk Chronicle (series
iv. xii. 313).
Lat. The namc^ given to a cojiper ingot
or bar, used as money in the Tiao States
in Northern Siam. Their value varied
from sixteen to sixty-four to a Tical.
Lateres. P.olli Varro and Pliny refer
to Koman coins of the shape of a tile or a
brick by this name.
Latrones. The Latin mime for Tesserae
iq.v.).
Laubthaler. The name given to a
French silver coin sti-m-k in tlie eighteenth
[1
century and so called on account of the
branches of laurel which surround the
shield of fleurs de lis. In France this coin
is called the Grand Ecu or Ecu de six
Livres. Under Louis XVI there were varieties
counterstamped for Berne in Switzerland.
The type was copied in Prussia.
Lauenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige.
Laurel. A variety of the Unite (q.v.)
of James I, of England, so called on account
of the laureated head on the obverse.
Laurentiusgulden. The name given to
certain gold coins issued by the city of
Nuremlierg from the fifteenth to the
seventeenth centurj'. Thej' bear the figure
of St. Lawrence and a gridiron on which
he is supposed to have been martyred.
Lausannais, or Livre Faible. A former
money of account used at Neuchatel, Switzerland,
which was computed at twelve
Gros, or one hundred and forty-four Deniers
Faibles.
Lawenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige.
Laxssm. See Bahar.
Le. See Li.
Lead was used for trial pieces, tokens,
and counterfeit money from very early
times. Among the known specimens prior
to the Christian era are some belonging
to the Kings of Numidia. In the second
and third centuries A.D. leaden coins were
issued in Egypt, especially at Memphis,
and in the first and second centuries in
Roman Gaul.
This metal was also employed for striking
obsidiojial coins, of which there is a
series, consisting of one Sol to forty Sols,
issued at Woerden when that city was besieged
bj' the Spaniards in 1575-1576. See
Mailliet (cxxv. 1-9).
There is an extensive series of Duits in
lead stnick by the Dutch in the eighteenth
century for their possessions in Ceylon and
Java.
In the Danish issues for Tranquebar the
leaden jiieces originated under Christian
IV in 1640. See Indian Antiquary (xxiv.
22")
Fjeadeii tokens passing as half Pennies
were issued to a considerable amount in
England during the reign of Elizabeth;
under James T all leaden tokens of ]irivate
traders were abolished. See Nummi Plumbei.
.•iO]
League Coinage Leather Money
Erasimis, in liis Adai/iu, mentions I'lumbeos
Angliae in use in the latter part of
the reiojn of Henry VII ; and Rudelins, De
Moiirfis, 1591 (p. 5), states tliat these
leaden tokens were still in circulation in
his time.
League Coinage. The general term used
to desijrnate such coins of the ancients as
were put forth hy a federation of states
or citi('s in order to ensure a certain
amount of uniformity so far as types,
weight, and fineness were concerned.
The iirincipal one of the Leaf!rues was
the Aeha-an (q.v.).
The ^Etolian Leafjue i.ssued gold, silver,
and bronze B.C. 279-168, and the coins
usually have on the reverse a figure of
.^tolia, copied from a statue dedicated at
Delphi in commemoration of victories over
the (iauls and Macedonians.
The Arcadian League was established by
Epaminondas again.st Sparta after the battle
of Leuetra, B.C. 371, and under its
auspices the city of Megalopolis was
founded. At this place the coins of the
League were struck.
The coinage of Ro'otia was largely a
federal currency from the eai'liest times,
and the Btpotian shield is a characteristic
feature on the issues. This may iiossibly
refer to the shield of Athena Itonia in the
temple of C'oroneia, which was the meetingplace
of the League. This type disappears
after B.C. 288 and the League was dissolved
by the Romans B.C. 146.
The cities of ('iudcidice established a
League B.C. 392 with Olynthus as headquarters.
The coinage is uniform with
types relating to Apollo. It was dissolved
circa B.C. 358, when Philip II of Macedonia
captured Chalcidice.
The federal coiiuige of Euboea was issued
at Eretria. It lasted from B.C. 411 to B.C.
336 and nothing was struck during the
Macedonian occujiation. After the defeat
of tiie Macedonians at Cynoscephalae B.C.
197 the federal coinage was revived until
this League was also dissolved by the Romans,
B.C. 146.
The Ionian League was a very ancient
alliance and originally consisted of the
cities of Clazometue, Colophon, Ephesus,
Erythrse. Lebedus, Miletus, Myus, Piioca'a,
Priene, Chios, Teos, and Samos. Smyrna
was added about B.C. 700. Under Anto-
[ 1.-51
ninus Pius anil Marcus Aurelius the above
thirteen cities i.ssued l)r()n/,e coins in celebration
of a festival they jointly held.
An alliance between the rulers of the
various Lycian cities gave rise to the Lycian
League, B.C. 168, and lasted until
A.D. 43, when the Emperor Claudius organized
Lycia with Pamijh^'lia as a Roman
province.
Leal. A name sometimes given to the
Portuguese Bazarucco (q.v.). It is usually
found with a large sphere within a
circle as the reverse design. There is a
corresi)onding half known as Cepayqua.
Cerson da Cunha, in Contributions to
the History of Indo-l'orttKjucse NumisvKitirs.
1880 (pp. 11, 22), states that the
Cepayqua was struck by AUnuiueniue at
Goa as early as 1510.
Leang. Sec Liang.
Leather Money. Leather was used as
currency by tiie Lacedaemonians, and
Plato states that leather money was employed
by the Carthaginians in his day, and
that it was probably tlic earliest currency
of tliat peojilc. Tlicse citations, however,
probabl\' refer to the skins of various animals,
and the stamped leather which it is
claimed was used by the Romans before
the introduction of a copper coinage by
Nunui Pompilius was perhaps an entire
skill or pelt rather than a distinctive coin.
There is no doubt, however, that in more
modern times nations have adopted a
leather coinage which frequently served
the function of necessity money, and which
was made redeemable for a metallic currency.
In the year 1241 the Emperor
Frederick 1 1 issued leather coins when he
was besieging Faenza for seven nuinths,
and these were later exchanged for gold
Angustali which had the vahu^ of one and
a cpuirter gold Gulden. The coins issued
by the Emperor contained his portrait impressed
in silver on the leather.
More than a century earlier, i.e., in 1124,
Doniinicus Michieli, Doge of Venice, issued
obsidional coins of leather cut from horse
hides for the beleaguered city of Tyrus.
This coin received the name of Jlichicletta
from its originator. In 1360, John IT,
King of France, authorized the making of
small leather coins with small golden
threads sewn or stamped upon them; this
lie was compelled to do as his treasury was
depleted on account of a ransom of three
million livres paid to the English nation.
Stamped leather coins were issued by Leyden
in 1574, wlieu the city was besieged
by the Spaniards under Valdez ; they bore
as a device three shields and a stag, with
the letters S. M. and H. S.
The Russians at an early period used
skins of animals for currency and later
they employed irregular discs and strips
of leather rudely stamped. The word
"rouble" is derived from the verb to cut,
and some varieties of Russian copper
money are called Puli, from poul, leather;
these words are probably derived from the
I)rimitive leather currency in use in that
countrj'. See an exhaustive paper on this
subject contributed by William Charlton
to the British Numisnuitic Journal (iii.
311).
In 1910 a roll of circular leather tokens
was discovered in the archives of the market
at Aschbach on the Danube in upper
Austria. These tokens bore the crest of
Philip Eder of the guild of masons and
stone-cutters at Eferding (near Aschbach)
and the date 1804. Leather strips were
also found from wliich these tokens were
cut. Mr. Franz Hirmaiui, the founder of
the museum at Aschbach, has discovered
among the records that at the time of the
French occupation the masons and stoneworkers
wei'e employed by the French in
the construction of intrenehments, and
were paid by the master of the guild with
these leather coins which represented the
value of one Groschen. <bVc also Ruding
(i. 131, 346).
Lebetes. A fragmentary inscription recently
found in Crete assesses the payment
of certain fines at so-and-so many Ae^riTe?,
or "Cauldrons." It was therefore by this
name that certain silver Staters of the
fourth century B.C., all countermarked
with a device representing a Cauldron
(Ae^T)?), were known in Crete. Svoronos,
Bull. r»rr. Iltll. 1888. (vol. xii.).
Lebongo. A name given to a currency
made of straw, which was in use in the
I'di'tuguese cdlduy of Angola. Kach jiiece
was of the value of five Reis. It was superseded
in 1693 by a copper coinage.
[
Leeuw, i.e., Lion. A gold coin of Brabant,
Flanders, and the United Provinces.
It was struck by Anthony of Brabant pursuant
to an ordinance of 1408. The Gouden
Leeuw, as it is sometimes called, was
also issued by Philip the Good (1430-
1467) in Flanders and later at Mechlin.
The coin receives its name from the lion
on the obvei"se, who is in an upright position,
and is sometimes depicted holding a
flag or banner in his claws. See Lion
d'Or.
Leeuwendaalder. This, and the Leeuwengroot
are of the same type as the preceding
and are struck in silver. The former
is of crown size and is also known as
the Ecu au Liou. It was issued from 1576
to the close of the seventeenth centurj'.
Legal Tender Notes, also known as
United States Notes. The name given to
a series of paper money first issued by an
Act of Congress of the United States in
1862. They have been issued in denominations
from".$5.00 to $10,000.00, and are a
Legal Tender for all debts, public and
private, except duties on imports and interest
on the public debt.
Leg Dollar. The popular name in the
seventeenth century for the new type of
Rijksdaalder introduced about 1662 for
the Province of ITtrecht. On the reverse
is a Knight staiuling with only one leg
visible, the other being hidden behind an
armorial shield.
Legend, from the Latin legere, the
words running around the coin inside of
the border. See Inscription.
Legierung. A term used by German
numismatic writers to indicate au alloy,
espeiually of silver and copper, or silver
and nickel. The etymology is probably
from th(> Italian Irgare, to bind.
Legionary Coins. A name given to certain
Riinian gold and silver coins which
were issued in honor of the Legions. The
earliest known were struck bj' Mark Antony,
and the last by Carausius. They
usually have the inscription leg.
Legpenninge. See Rechenpfennige.
Lei. S( r Tjcu.
Leicht Geld. A term formerly used in
Hamburg and ajiplied to Pistoles, Sjieciesthaler,
etc., which circulated at a slight
depreciation. See Noback (p. 320).
132]
Leijcesterdaalder Lepton
Leijcesterdaalder. A silver coin of
Crown size issued for (iucldres. West
Prisia, Zeeland, etc., pursuant to an ordisance
of August 4, 1586, and coutiiined
nntil about the middle of the seventeenth
century. It bears on the obverse a reputed
half-length iiortrait of Dudley, Earl of
Leicester, and on the reverse tlie armorial
shields of the six Provinces (on some s])Ccimens
seven), that ojjposed the Si)anisli
rule. From the latter circumstance it is
also known as the Ilnicrijksdaalder.
Lemocia, oi' Lemona. A billon coin of
the Vicomtes de Limoges and copied from
the Barbarin ((/.('.) of Saint Martial. It
takes its imme from Lemovicas, the mediaeval
name of Limoges.
Guide VI, Vicomte of Limoges (12.30-
1263), substituted Ins own portrait on his
coinage, but the pieces were rejected and
the regular Bretagne tvpe restored. Hee.
Blanchet (i. 275).
Lenticular Coins. A name given to such
coins as are siuipcd like a lentil or a lens,
i.e., thicker in the centre and gradually
tapering towards the edge, as in the earliest
emissions of the Koman Aes.
Leone. A Venetian silver coin struck
by Francesco Morosini (1688-1694) for nse
in the Tjcvant. It was copied by his successor,
Silvestro Valier (16i)4-1700).
Alvise II Mocenigo (1700-1709), issued
a similar coin for Zara of a value of eightv
Soldi.
The above coins are called respectively
Leone Morosino and Leone Mocenigo, and
obtain tlieir names from the large figure of
a lion on the reverse. Thei'c are divisions
of halves, ((uarters, and eighths of the same
design.
Leonina. A name given to tlie gold
two Zecchini piece of Pope Leo XII (1823-
1829).
Leonine, or Lionine. A base silver coin,
so called from the figure of a lion. Sec
Brabant and Mitre.
Leonzino, or Leoncino. Another name
for the Tallero of Francis T, Duke of Modena
(1629-1658), and to that of his successor,
Alfonso IV (1658-1662). Its value
was four Bolognini.
Leopard. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin
struck by Edwai-ii 111 of England in 1343.
[ 133
It was (if tlif val\i(' (if iuill' a Florin, and
obtained its name from the crowned
leopai'd (in the obvci-se, though Kuding
states tliat this animal was in reality a
lion.
The legend on the rcscrsc was domine.
Ni; . I x . KvnoRi: . TV( 1 . .\i{(iVAS . M K. Svr Florin.
Leopold d'Or. The poimlar name for
the gold coin of twenty Francs issued by
L(>(il.(il(l 1, King of Belgium (1S31-1865).
Leopoldino. The silver Sciulo issued by
Pietro Leopoldo I, of Lorrain<>, and (Irand
Duke of Tuscany (1765-1790), is so called.
In the mint regulations of 1823 its value
was fixed at ten Paoli, or six and two
thirds Lira, while the ordinary Scudo was
e(|ual to seven Lira.
Leopoldo. The name given to the gold
Ducat issued bj- Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
(1697-1729) ; and also to the silver
Piastre of Leopold II, Duke of Tuscany
(1824-1859).
Lepton. Originall.v this was not a coin,
but simi)ly the smallest pi-actical weight
ajiplied to gold and silver. After the introduction
of copper monc}' in Greece and
Asia I\Iinor the Lepton became an actual
coin.
At Athens seven Lepta went to the
CImlcns {q.v.). In the eastern portion of
the Roman Empire it was used to distinguish
the local copper coins from the im-
]icrial issues. But, generally speaking, the
word Lepton was the term used for a
small copper coin and consequently varied
greatly, according to time and locality.
It was later equal to one half of the
Chalcus {q.v.), as is confirmed from a
comparison of a passage in Polybius (ii.
15) with the well known quotation from
the Gospel of St. Mark (xii. 42). From
Polj'bius we learn that the Assarius was
equal to half an Obolus, or four Chalki.
Tlie Roman Quadrans was therefore equal
to the ("halcus, and as St. Mark says that
the Quadrans contained two Lepta, the
Lepton must have been exactly one half
of the Chalcus.
The w^ord Mite was employed by the
translators of the New Testament simply
because the coin was so very small in size,
and it retained this meaning for a long
]iei-iod. Ilyll, in his Arithmetick, 1600
(iii. 1), says, "Four Mites is the aliijuot part of a peny, viz. 1/6, for 6 times 4 is
24, and so many mites marehants assigne
to'l. peny." Jeake, in his Arithmetick,
1674 (77), states that sixteen Mites are
equal to a Farthing.
C'overdale, in his translation of the New
Testament, 1535, renders the Gospel of St.
Mark (xii. 42) as follows: "And there
came a poore wyddowe, and put in two
mytes, which make a farthinge."
Lepton (plural Lepta). A copper coin
of modern Greece, the Ionian Isles, and the
Greek Republic under Capo d'lstria. It
is the one hundredth part of a Phoenix,
or Drachma. The five Lepta piece is also
called an Obolos. The word Lepton means
thin or fragile.
Lesher Referendum Dollar. See Referendum
Dollar.
Leu, or Lev. A silver coin of Bulgaria
and RoTunania adopted in 1867, when these
countries based their monetary systems on
the Latin Union. One hundred Bani are
equal to one Leu. The plural is Lei, and
the name of the coin is synonymous with
Lira or Livre. Similarly in liulgaria, one
hundred Stotinki are equal to one Lev
(plural Leba).
Levant Dollar. The name given to any
coin whicli is employed in tlie Levant trade,
but especially to tlie Maria Theresa Thaler
of 1780. This piece is alwaj's struck with
this date for commercial purposes, and is
accepted in Zanzibar, Abyssinia, Madagascar,
and many other countries. Its weight
is a trifle over 433 grains, and its original
fineness has been retained. In some of the
African and Asiatic sections this coin is
known as the Tallero del Levante, and in
others as el Real. See Ernest and Wand.
Frederick II of Prussia issued Levant
Dollars in 1766 and 1767 for trade with
the Orient. These have his bust on the
obverse and the motto suum-cuiquk on the
reverse.
Levy. A corruption of "eleven pence,"
and tlic poi)ular name for the Spanish Real
in the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, and New .lersey.
Lewekin. In an ordinance dated July
14, 1424, and rei)rinted by Paul Joseph
(p'. 155), a coin of this name is mentioned
as being eiiual to one twelflli of a Groschcn.
L'
Libella
Lewis. See Louis d'Or.
Leycesterdaalder. See Leijcesterdaalder.
Li, or Le. A Chinese weight, also the
one thousandtli part of the Tael of silver,
and of tiie recent Chinese Dollar or Yuan.
The Li is synonymous to the foreign term
Cash. The copper Li is supposed to weigh
one tenth of a Tael and it is so expressed
on coins of Shun Chih (1644-1661) of the
Manehu dynasty. Recent patterns of some
of the copper coins have values of one, two,
and five Li. The Japanese Rin is equal
to the Li and the same character is vised.
Liang. The Chinese ounce, called by
Europeans Tael (q.v.). Some of the earliest
round (Chinese coins were inscribed Pan
Liang iq.v.), or Half Ounce. Although
the word Liang is seldom seen on coins the
word lias been used as a value on paper
money from the tenth century. Certain
coins of Hsien Feng (1850-1861) have the
word Liang impressed on them as a weight.
Liard. Originally a base silver coin, the
value of which is difficult to determine as
it was generally struck without any marks
of denomination. Some early French varieties
had a value of three Deniers, but with
the decrease in worth of the latter coin the
Liard decreased correspondingly and under
Henry IV it was struck in copper and
became the fourth part of the Sol.
The name is probably a corrujition of li
ardiio, the Gascon form of the Hardi or
Ilardit {q.v.)-
Liardo. A base silver coin struck in
1720 by Antonio Grimani, Prince of Monaco.
Its value was two Denari.
Libella. A Roman silver coin mentioned
by Varro and stated by him to be equal to
half the Sestertius. Tl'ie half of the Libella
was called the Sembella, and the half of
the latter coin, or one fourth of the Libella,
was known as the Teruncia, the last named
coin being little more than a grain and a
half in weight.
Some authorities have doubted the existence
of these smaller coins altogether, and
sup|)()se tliem to be either copper divisions
of the Denarius, or merely money of ac-
<'ouiit. Gronovius states that when Varro
wrote tliere was no such coin as the Libella,
but that the term signified the tenth part
of a Denarius.
Libertina Uon d'Or
Libertina. A silver coin of Ragusa, issued
from 171*1 to 17!)'), with a value of
two Ducati or eighty Grossetti. It was
copied after the Maria Theresa Thaler and
received its name from the iiisi-riplion
LiBKKTAs (in I lie reverse.
Libertini. 'iMie popular name for the
Quatti-ini, struck in Siena in ir)2(j, to pay
the soldiers and repair the fortifications of
the city, after the siege by the troops of
Clement VIT.
Libra. Tiie unit of the gold standard
of Peru, adopted in 1897. It is divided
ijito ten Soles, each of ten Diiiei-os, each
of ten Centavos.
Libralis. S!ee Acs Grave.
Licht Thaler. The name given to a
varietv of silver coins struck by Julius,
Duke of Brnnswick-Liiuebiirg (1568-1589).
They rejji'esent the wild man holding a
caudle or torch in his right hand. There
is a half and ((uai-ter Thaler of the same
design.
Ligurino. The name given to a varietj'
of the silver Luigino {q.v.) of Genoa, issued
in 1G68 and later by the 15anco di
San Giorgio, under ('esare Gentile. It has
on the obvei'se a crowned shield supjiorted
by two griffins, and on the reverse a bust,
inscribed "Liguria."
Lily Root Money. The name given to
a variet.v of ("hiuese metallic currency on
account of its resemblance to the root of a
lily cut in half. These pieces ai'e described
in" detail by Ramsden {pp. 28-29).
Lima Type. The word Lima, which occurs
on certain coins of George II of
England, indicates that these i)ieces were
coined in great part from silver captured
by the two British privateers, "ijuke,"
and "Prince Frederick." This capture
occurred on July 10, 1745, when the above
mentioned vessels took two ships belonging
to St. Malo, which were returning from
Lima.
Another explanation, given by Snelling,
that tiie silver formed part of the cargo
of the great Mexican treasure-ship from
Acapulco taken by Anson, June 20, 1743,
is obviously unsatisfactory, because the
above-mentioned inscription indicates that,
the metal was of Peruvian and not Mexican
origin.
[
The Crowns occur only with the date
174(>, but there are half Crowns, Shillings,
and six Pences dated 1745 aiul 174().
Lincoln Cent. The pop\dai' name for
the co|)p(>i' Cent of the Ignited States of
America, fii'st issued in 1!)()9. It l)ears a
bust of Abraham Lincoln on the obverse,
from designs b.v \'ictor 1). Prenner.
Lingot. A term used by French luimismatic
writers to describe a cast bar of
metal adapted for monetar.v i)Ui'p(ises and
sometimes stamped with a niiiiu'i-Ml of
value, etc.
Linsen Dukaten. The nickname given
to the one thirty-second Ducats of Nuremberg
and Regensburg, because the.v resemble
lentils in size.
Lion. A gold coin of Scotland, first
sti'uck in the reign of Robert II (1371-
l:i90) and continued until 1588. It received
its name from the rampant lion
over the shield of Scotland on the obverse.
The reverse has a figure of St. Andrew extended
on a saltirc cross, hence the name
"St. Andrew" fre(|uently given to these
coins.
The weight was originally thirty-eight
grains, but later it varied considerably. A
larger coin of nearl.y double the size, but
of the same type, received the name of
Demy (q.v.).
A Scotch billon coin has received the
same name. See Hard Head.
Lion. A billon coin of the Anglo-Gallic
series, first issued by Edward I.
It derives its name from the representation,
on the obverse, of a lion passant
guardant, which was the heraldic bearing
of Acjuitaine. This device was previously
incorporated by Henry II, with two lions
passant guardant, the arms of Normandy,
thus forming the coat since borne by the
Knglish Kings. See also Leeuw.
Lion a la Haie. See Tuin.
Lion Dollar. See Leeuwendaalder and
Dog Dollar.
Lion d'Or. A gold coin of France
which appears to have been sti'uck onl.v in
the reign of Philip VI (1328-1350). It
resembles the Ecu d'Or of the same ruler,
the only difference being the figure of a
lion lying at the foot of the throne, from
which it obtains its name.
The t.ype was copied in Flanders and
the Low Countries, receiving the name of
Goiideu Leeuw.
Lion Heaume. The name given to a
variety of tlie gold Florin issued in Flanders
by Louis de Male (1346-1384). It
has on the obverse the figure of a helmeted
lion under a Gothic archway and the
inscription lvdovicvs : dei : gra : com' :
Z DNS : FLANDRIE. with FLANDRES in the
exergue. See Heaume.
Lion Shilling. Lion Sixpence. A name
given to the Shilling and Sixpence of the
third type f)f George IV, issued in 1825.
These have on the reverse a crowned lion
standing on a crown, with the rose, thistle,
and shamrock below.
The Shilling of Edward VII bears the
royal crest, a lion standing on a crown,
and recalls the earlier type.
Lira, plural Lire, and derived from the
Latin word libra, a pound, was originally
a money of account in Venice. Payments
of Lira di Grossi, while made in the latter
coins, were based on their weight irrespective
of their number. The Doge Nicolo
Tron (1471-1473) introduced the so-called
Lira Tron, which bore his bust on one side
and the lion of St. Mark on the reverse.
It was divided into twenty Soldi of twelve
Denari, and was copied by some of his
successors.
When Italy adopted the Latin Union
standard the silver Lira was made the unit
and placed on a par value with the Franc.
It is divided into one hundred Oentesimi.
The Lira is used in the Italian colonies, in
Lonibartly, Venice, and in San Marino.
Lira. See Pound Turkish.
Lira Aragonese. See .laquesa.
Lira Austriaca. See Svanzica.
Lira Jaquesa. See Jaquesa.
Lira Mocenigo. See Mocenigo.
Lira Tron. See Lira.
Lirazza. A base silver coin of Venice
issued at the beginning of the eighteenth
century, and euri'cnt until the termination
of the Republic, its value originally appears
to have been thirty Soldi, but the
later specimens declined to ecpiivalents of
fifteen, ten, and five Soldi, and frequently
have the value indicated on the reverse
in Roman inimerals. See Traro.
[1
Liretta. A Venetian base silver coin introduced
bj- the Doge Nicolo Sagredo
(1675-1676) and copied by a number of
his successors to the end of the Republic.
For Zara the Venetians issued pieces of
four, eight, eighteen, and twenty Lirette
during the eighteenth century.
Lirona. A base silver coin of the Venetian
Republic, originally issued pursuant
to an act of January 5, 1571, under the
Doge Alvise I. Mocenigo. It beai'S on the
reverse the numeral X, to indicate its
value of ten Gazzette. This method of inscribing
was at a later period used for
the Lirazza- (q.v.).
Lisbonino. The double Moeda de Ouro
of the Portuguese monetary sj'Stem, and
commonly known as the Moidore. It was
the fifth of a Dobrao, and originally worth
four thousand Reis, but raised to four
thousand and eight hundred in 1688. See
Portuguez.
Lis d'Argent. A silver coin of France
struck bj- Louis XIV of the value of twenty
Sols. The reverse has a cross composed
of eight letter L's, with flenrs-de-lis in the
angles. The motto is dominie. elegisti.
LiLH'M . TiBi. There are halves and quarters
of ten and five Sols, respectively.
Lis d'Or. A corresponding gold coin
with the same motto and a device representing
two angels supporting a crowned
shield. Both coins appear to have been
issued only in the years 1655 to 1657, although
essays appeared in 1653. The Italians
gave it the name of Fiordaliso d'oro,
and Gigliato d'oro.
Litra. The bronze basis of Sicily, corresponding
to the Roman Libra or Pound.
It was also represented by a silver coin
of three Hemioboli, and under the standard
of Tarentum, the one tenth of the
Stater, weighing 0.87 grammes.
The divisions of the Siculo-Italiote
bronze Litra are the following in corresponding
terms of the Roman As:
Xtxpa == As, or 12 ounces
^zA(^)yv.^o^ = deunx, or 10 ounces
•fiij.'.Xt-rptov = semis, or 6 ounces
-sv-co-i-y.tov = (piincunx, or 5 ounces
Tstpa? ^= triens, or 4 ounces
•rpiai; = quadrans, or 3 ounces
eta? = sextans, or 2 ounces
ou7x.ta '= uncia, or 1 ounce
36]
Livonese Lo-han Cash
Tlic multiples are the
x£VT»;/.Civ-a),iTpov = 50 litrae
SexaXt-pov = 10 litrae
irevxaXttpov = 5 litrae
StXtTpov = 2 litrae
The majority of these were struck in
bronze or silver, sometimes even in gold.
Livonese. A silvci' Russian issue struck
by the Czarina Elizabetii for Livonia and
Esthonia, pursuant to an ordinance of
October 2'), ITnG. They consisted of pieces
of ninety-six, forty-ei^'ht, twenty-four,
four, and two Kopecks, but were soon
withdrawn from circulation. See Noback
(p. 9-2;^).
Livomino, also known as the Livornina
delle Torre. A silver Piastre, struck for
Leghorn in Kififi by Ferdinand II de Medici,
(irand Diikc of Tuscan}', and by his
successors, Cosiiuo III, and Gian Gastone.
It has a view of the fortress of Leghorn
on the reverse.
Livre. Originally the monej' of account
in France, and computed at twenty
Hous of twelve Deniers each. However,
by reason of the debasement of the silver
coinage this ratio could not be maintained
and it sank rapidly in value, and was
fiiiall}' abolished in ISOH when the Franc
system was established. The ratio of silver
to gold was then made at fifteen and
one half to one, and the decimal system
was introduced.
Livre Faible. See Lausannais.
Livre Tournois. A silver coin of
France, si.\ of which were ecpial to the
Ecu. It was generally known simjilj- as
the Livre and must not be confused with
the money of account of the same name.
It was abolished in lSO;i when the Franc
sj'stem was adoi^ted.
Locha. A popular name of the Cuartillo
or nickel I'ii^ Centimos of Venezuela.
Locumtenensthaler. The name given to
a mciialiic Tlialci- of tiie Elector Frederick
111 of Saxony (U8G-]r)25), issued in 1518
and later, on account of the inscription
IMHKRIQVE.LOCVMTENES. GENERAL., & title
conferred on him by the Emperor Maximilian
I.
Loserthaler, or Juliusliiser are large silver
coins of the value of from two to
sixteen Speciesthaler, issued by -lulius,
[1
Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg (1568-
1589), and made from the product of his
silver mines.
These coina owe their origin to an ordilumce
of the Duke to the effe<'t that every
one of his subjects, according to their rank
and station, was to redeem one of these
coins ( Loser, i.e., redeemer), and be prepared
to account for the same whenever
ilemanded. They could pawn them in ea.se
of necessity but wei'c not allowed to sell
or exchange them. By this arrangement
the Duke was always kept informed as to
the amount of silver money in his dominions
which he could levy upon in case
of necessity. The latter exigency never
arose, nevertheless these coins are scarce,
although a large inimber were struck.
They were made at Heinrichstadt, and
bear on the reverse the ducal armorial
shield supported by two wild men. See
Wildemannsthalei'.
Losungs-Dukat. Losungs-Thaler. The
name given to a gold and silver coinage
struck by Gustavus Adolphus for Wiirzburg
in 1631 and 1632. The name means
"Redeemer," and the coins receive their
designation fi'om the inscri])tion "Gott mit
uus, " on the reverse.
Lowenpfennige. This name is given to
a variety of I'.racteates, generally the
twelfth part of the early Groschen, issued
in Saxony, etc., in the early part of the
fifteenth century. They obtain their name
fi'um tlic shield on which is a lion rampant.
An ordinance of 1482 for the mintmaster
Augustin Horn of Zwickau reads "die
Pfennig soltn .schlecht mit dem Geprege
cins Lawen usw. slahen."
These coins were also called Lauenpfennige,
ami the type was cojiied by the city
of Brunswick. The latter have the letter
B above or at the side of the shield. The
Liiwenheller of Lndwig III, Elector of the
Palatinate {1410-1436) have a crowned
lion ram|)ant, and are of somewhat smaller
size.
Lo-han Cash. A Chinese coin issued in
the reign of Kang Ilsi (1662-1722), and
said to have been made from melted down
Lo-han images. It can be distinguished
from the other coins of this reign by the
ditTcrc:it form of the character hsi.
Long Cross Type. The name used to
describe a series of English silver Pennies
first struck by Henry III in 1248. They
have on the reverse a long double cross
extending to the edge of the coin. See
.Short Cross Type.
Lord Baltimore Pieces. An issue of
silver Shillings, Si.xpenee, Fourpence, and
a copper Penny for the Province of Mar.vland
in 1659. P<ir varieties and details
see Crosby.
Lord Lucas Farthings. A name given
to certain pattern Farthings bearing the
words QVATVOR . MARIA . VINDICO .
, i.e., "I
claim the four seas," which legend is said
to have given offence to Louis XIV. Lord
Lucas referred to them in a speech in the
House of Lords, on February 22, 1670-
1671, wlien he complained of the scarcity
of money, as follows
:
"Of his now Majesty's coin there appears
but very little, so that in effect we
have none left for common use but a little
lean coined money of the late three foi'mer
princes. And wluit supply is preparing
for it, my Lords? I hear of none unless
it be of copper farthings, and this is the
metal that is to vindicate, according to the
inscri])tioii on it, the dominion of the four
seas. '
'
The "sui)ply" appeared in 1672, when
a copper currency for general use appeared,
and the Farthing became a legal
tender. See Ending (ii. 14).
Lorrain. See Double Lorrain.
Lorraines. A name given to the Testoons,
issued in Scotland in 1558 and 1560
from the hirge crowned monogram F M
{i.e., Francis and Marj') between two Lorraine
crosses, which these coins bear on the
reverse.
Lot. The (ine sixteenth of the Mark
(q.v.).
Lott, or Solot. A Siamese cojiper coin,
the hair (if the Att. See Tical.
Lotterie Dukat. An undated gold coin
(iT ITal/.-Siilzliiich, struck by the Elector
Karl Tlicodor (1742-1777, and in Bavaria
until 17!)!l). It has on the rever.se the
figure of a nude Fortuna standing on a
globe and the inscriptions indvstri^-sors
above, and hao favente below.
Lotus Coins. Srr Padiiia 'i'anka.
[
Louis, or Louis d'Argent. A French
silver coin, first struck by Louis XIV in
1643. It is generall.y known by its size
and its equivalent in Sols. Thus the largest
is the Louis de 60 Sols, from which
there is a graduated series of Louis de
30 Sols, de 15 Sols, de 5 Sols, de 30 Deniers,
and de 15 Deniers.
The Louis de Cinq Sols was specially
struck for the Oriental trade, and was extensively
imitated. See Luigino.
Louis aux Lunettes. A nickname used
to designate a type of Tjouis d'Or, struck
by Louis X\'I in 1777 and later. The two
shields of France and Navarre on the reverse
were supposed to resemble a pair of
spectacles.
The Ecu aux Lunettes was of the same
design. Sec Rrillenthaler.
Louis aux Palmes. The name given to
a variety of the Louis d'Or of Louis XVI
which has on the reverse a crowned shield
in a frame of palm leaves.
Louis d'Or. A gold coin of Prance, first
struck by Louis XIII in 1640, when the
refornuition of the currency took place,
and continued until the Revolution of
178!), when the twenty Franc piece took
its place. Its original value was ten Livres,
but this fluctuated and in the reign of
Louis XVI it went as high as fourteen
Livres. There are divisions and multiples
as high as an octuple Louis d'Or.
The London Gazette of 1674 (No. 904)
mentions "Lewises of Gold . . . Escalines
of Gold."
Louisiana Cent. A name given to the
copper Sous inscribed colonies Francoises
and dated 1721 and 1722, because they
were intended for almost exclusive use in
the French colony of Louisiana, which at
that time incliuled nearly all the territory
between the Alleghanies and the Rocky
Mountains.
Lovenaar. A silver coin of Brabant,
struck in 1488 during the minority of
I'hilip the Good. The reverse inscription
is taken from the Book of Psalms (cxxi.
7), and reads: piat.pax.in. virtvtk.tva.
Love Thaler. See Janauschek Thaler.
Lucati. The popular name for the
Fiorini, with the figure of St. Martin,
struck in Lucca under Republican rule
(circa 1200-1342).
13S]
Lucchese Nuovo Lycian League
Lucchese Nuovo. A Deiiaro of Liicca,
euri'ciit in tlic twflftli ceiitiiry. See Infortiati.
Lucre. An expression nieaniiifj; a gain
in money, and usually employed in an ill
sense, or with the sense of something base
or unworthy. Alexander Pope has the
line,
Til.- Iiisl 111 lu.li.. iiml 111.' ilr.'nil cif ili-iitli,"
and Byron, in Eiujiisk Bards and i^cotch
h'cricirers (xii.), has:
•Wh.i i:iikc>(l their brains for Iikmt. mil for fami'."
The translators of the New Testament
make use of the following terms: "Not
greedy of tilthy luere,"' I Timothy (iii. 3) ;
"A hisho]) must he . . . not given to tilthy
luere," Titus (i. 7); "Teaching things
whieh they ought not, for filthy lucre's
sake," Titus (i. 11); "Feed the tlock of
(lod . . . not for filtiiv lucre," 1 Peter (v.
2).
_
Lucullei. The name given to gold coins
struck in (ii-eece under Sylla. Sec Blanehet
(p. 5).
Liibische Pfennige. See Ilohlpfennige.
Liigenthaler. Tlie name given to a
Thaler struck by Henry Julius of Brunswick-
Liineburg, in IS'Jfi and 1597. It has
on the reverse an inscription hvete.dich.
FVR.DER.TADT.DEK.LVEGEN . WIRDT . WOL .
RADT.
For an extended account of the origin
of this coin co)if. Madai (No. 1111).
Luigi. The common name for the gold
coin of ten Scudi, struck in Malta by
Emainiele Pinto (1741-1773) and his succe.
ssors. It was of the same value as the
Louis d'Or. See Beato Luigi.
Luigino. The common nickname for the
silver coins (tf five Sols, or one twelfth
Livre, originally struck by Louis XIV in
1643. They received this title in Italy, to
which country they were sent in large
(luantities for use in the Levantine trade.
S<'{' Tjouis.
Luigino. A silver coin of (ienoa issued
in lt)68 and later by the Banco di San
Giorgio, under Cesare (ientile. It has on
the obverse a crowned shield sup|)orted by
two griffins, and on the rever.se a figure of
St. George on horseback. From the latter
circumstance it is sometimes called Giorgino.
Its value represented 24 .Soldi.
The Luigino was also issued by the
Spinola family of Ronco, Tassarolo, and
Arquata; by Yiolante Lomellini for Tor-
I'iglia; and by the Malaspiua family for
Fosdinovo ( l(it)7-l()77). It was copied
from the half Ecu or piece of five Sols
struck at Trevoux. See Timmin, and conf.
Poey d'Avant (viii. 109).
Lundrenses. Kiiding (i. lit:Mft4) cites
an ordinance of 127!M2<S0, empowering
William de Tnriiemii'c! of Marseilles, the
master of the mint, to make Farthings
throughout England. They were called
Lundrenses, probably on account of the
inscription eonooniensis on the reverse.
Lundress. W. Lowndes, in liis Amendninit
to the Silver Coinage, 1695 (p. 17),
states that "A Sterling . . . was once
called a Lundress, becaiise it was to be
('oined only at Loudon."
Lunga. See Moneta Lunga.
Lu'ong Bac. See Nen.
Lupetta. See Cervia.
Lushburger. A name given to a silver
Penny imported from Luxemburg into
England, in the reign of Edward III and
forbidden in the latter country.
Langland, Piers I'lour/hnian, 1377 (xv.
342), says, "In lussheborwes is a lyther
alay (? alloy) aiul yet loketh he like a
sterlynge. '
'
t'liaucer, in the pi'ologue 1o the Monk's
Tale (74) states "God woot no lussheburgh
])ayen ye;" and Oowell, in The Interpreter
1607, mentions Lushoborow, "a base coine
vsed in the dales of King Ed. the 3.
coined beyond Seas to the likenes of English
money."
Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346
"man}' merchants and others carried the
good money out of the realm, and brought
in false money called Lusshebournes, whieh
were worth oidy eight shillings the ])ound
or less.
'
'
Lutherthaler. These are medals rather
than coins, and the name is applied to
pieces struck in 1661 at Eisleben, and in
1717 to commemorate the bicentenary of
the Reformation. They usually have a
bust of Luther on the obverse.
Lycian League. See League Coinage.
Brabant issiu'd by Wenceslaus and Jo
lianna (1355-1405) of the value of one
fourth of a (Jroot. A Dohbele Labbaye,
also called N\imnms Epularis and Gastluael-
Penning wan struck in 1429. Sec
v.d. Chijs (passim).
Lac. A money of account used in India
and representing; one hundred thousand
Rupees. Src Crore.
Lafayette Dollar. A silver coin of the
United States issued in 1900 as a memento
of the Paris Exposition and a mark of
•jood will and appreciation to France for
the services rendered during: the Revolutionary
AVar by General Lafayette.
These coins were sold by popidar subscription,
and the proceeds were used toward
paying; for the erection of a statue
of Lafayette in Paris. The issue consisted
of fifty thousand pieces.
Lai Tzu, oi- Hsing Yeh. In China certain
lig:ht (Hiiiis issued liy Fei Ti, A.D. 465
were thus called. The words mean the
leaves of the Linnanthemum nymphoides,
M'hich are very lig;ht and float on the surface
of the \vat(M'.
LzJcshmi Pagoda. \ name jfiven to a
variety of the Pag;oda (q.v.) which bears
on the obverse a female fig;ure, one of the
Hindu deities.
L'al Jalali. A g;old coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan of the value of ten
Rupees. Sre Sihansah.
Lam. .SVr Gouden Lam.
Lammpfennig. • A variety of bracteate
struck by the Abliey of St. Gallen, Switzerland,
duriiii; the fourteenth century. It
receives its name from the fig;ure of the
Paschal Ijamb on the obverse.
Landmiinze, or Landesmiinze. The
name griven to German copper or base silver
money which circulated oidy in the
province or state where it was struck, to
disting;uisli it from coins which were current
throug;liout an entire king:dom or empire.
The initials L. M. arc fre(|uently
found on these pieces.
[1
Landsberger Pfennige. The name g;lven
to ciM'tain snudi silver coins struck by
Frederick II, Marfrrave of Meissen (1428-
1464). The.v resemble bracteates and were
divisions of the Groschen. They obtain
their name from the fig;ure of the shield
of Landsberg;, and the inscription land.
Another name for the same pieces is
Hriickenpfennigre, as they are supposed to
have been used for paying; toll over the
bridg;e near Dresden.
Langrok, i.e., "long; cloak." A nickname
given to the doidilc Flabhe, or piece
of eig;lit Stuivers issued in Groning;en from
about 1589 to the middle of the seventeenth
century. The allusion is to the
fig:ure of St. Martin, who is habited in a
Ifing; cloak.
Lappen, meaning; "rag;s,'' is a common
nickname for pajier money in Germany,
and, acccu'ding; to the colors on the reverses
of the various denominations, they are distingjuished
as blaue Lappen, braune Lappen,
etc.
Larding Money. Blount, in his Law
Dirtionari/. 1670. states that "in the l\Ianour
of Bradford, in County Wilts, the
Tenants pay to the Manpiis of Winchester,
their Landlord, a small yearly Rent by
this Name."
Wharton, in the Law Lexicon, 1864,
adds that it "is said to be for liberty to
feed their hogs with the masts of the lord's
woods, the fat of a hog being called lard."
Largo. See Giulio.
Lari. A copper coin of the Maldive
Islands issued A.H. 1381, i.e., 1913, and
struck at Male. It bears the Arabic inscription
SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAMS ALDiN
iSKANDAR. There is a piece of four
Laris of the same date.
Larin, or Lari. A si)ecies of wire money
of Persia, which obtains its name from the
|)rovinec of Laristan, and which was formei'ly
ciiiefly current on the coasts of the
Gulf of Persia. Sir .lohn Chardin, who
travelled extensively tiirough Persia from
1664 to 1677, states that these coins were made until Lari was conquered by Abbas
the Great of Persia (1582-1627) and he
estimates their value at two and one half
Shahis.
These coins usually occur in silver, but
specimens in gold exist, and are very rare.
They were extensively imitated, both in
Ceylon and at Bijapur. The former are
first described by Robert Knox, who was
kept a prisoner for twenty years, from
1659 to 1679, in the Kandian provinces of
central Ceylon. He says: "There is another
sort [of money] which all people by
the King's permission may and do make,
the shape is like a fish-hook, they stamp
what mark or impression on it they please;
the silver is purely fine beyond pieces of
eight; for, if any suspect. the goodness of
the plate, it is the custom to burn the
money in the fire, red hot, and so put it
in water, and if it be not then purely
white, it is not current money."
Professor Wilson, in his remarks on
fish-hook money, contributed to the Nuinismatic
Chronicle (vol. xvi), describes some
pieces of silver wire, not hooked, which
were coined in imitation of the Laris, at
Bijapur by the Sultan Ali Adil Shah, who
reigned from 1670 to 1691. They bear on
both sides legeiuls in Arabic characters
;
on one side the Sultan's name and on the
other "Zarb Lari Dangh Sikka," i.e.,
"Struck at Lari, a stamped Dangh." They
are of the same weight as the Ceylon hooks,
viz., about one hundred and seventy grains
troy.
The Ceylon types are known in Sinhalese
under the name of Ridi, i.e., silver.
For a detailed account of the Larins, the
reader is referred to the treatise by Rhys
Davids (sec. 68-78), Codrington (p. 118),
and Allen, Numiisinatk Chronicle (series
iv. xii. 313).
Lat. The namc^ given to a cojiper ingot
or bar, used as money in the Tiao States
in Northern Siam. Their value varied
from sixteen to sixty-four to a Tical.
Lateres. P.olli Varro and Pliny refer
to Koman coins of the shape of a tile or a
brick by this name.
Latrones. The Latin mime for Tesserae
iq.v.).
Laubthaler. The name given to a
French silver coin sti-m-k in tlie eighteenth
[1
century and so called on account of the
branches of laurel which surround the
shield of fleurs de lis. In France this coin
is called the Grand Ecu or Ecu de six
Livres. Under Louis XVI there were varieties
counterstamped for Berne in Switzerland.
The type was copied in Prussia.
Lauenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige.
Laurel. A variety of the Unite (q.v.)
of James I, of England, so called on account
of the laureated head on the obverse.
Laurentiusgulden. The name given to
certain gold coins issued by the city of
Nuremlierg from the fifteenth to the
seventeenth centurj'. Thej' bear the figure
of St. Lawrence and a gridiron on which
he is supposed to have been martyred.
Lausannais, or Livre Faible. A former
money of account used at Neuchatel, Switzerland,
which was computed at twelve
Gros, or one hundred and forty-four Deniers
Faibles.
Lawenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige.
Laxssm. See Bahar.
Le. See Li.
Lead was used for trial pieces, tokens,
and counterfeit money from very early
times. Among the known specimens prior
to the Christian era are some belonging
to the Kings of Numidia. In the second
and third centuries A.D. leaden coins were
issued in Egypt, especially at Memphis,
and in the first and second centuries in
Roman Gaul.
This metal was also employed for striking
obsidiojial coins, of which there is a
series, consisting of one Sol to forty Sols,
issued at Woerden when that city was besieged
bj' the Spaniards in 1575-1576. See
Mailliet (cxxv. 1-9).
There is an extensive series of Duits in
lead stnick by the Dutch in the eighteenth
century for their possessions in Ceylon and
Java.
In the Danish issues for Tranquebar the
leaden jiieces originated under Christian
IV in 1640. See Indian Antiquary (xxiv.
22")
Fjeadeii tokens passing as half Pennies
were issued to a considerable amount in
England during the reign of Elizabeth;
under James T all leaden tokens of ]irivate
traders were abolished. See Nummi Plumbei.
.•iO]
League Coinage Leather Money
Erasimis, in liis Adai/iu, mentions I'lumbeos
Angliae in use in the latter part of
the reiojn of Henry VII ; and Rudelins, De
Moiirfis, 1591 (p. 5), states tliat these
leaden tokens were still in circulation in
his time.
League Coinage. The general term used
to desijrnate such coins of the ancients as
were put forth hy a federation of states
or citi('s in order to ensure a certain
amount of uniformity so far as types,
weight, and fineness were concerned.
The iirincipal one of the Leaf!rues was
the Aeha-an (q.v.).
The ^Etolian Leafjue i.ssued gold, silver,
and bronze B.C. 279-168, and the coins
usually have on the reverse a figure of
.^tolia, copied from a statue dedicated at
Delphi in commemoration of victories over
the (iauls and Macedonians.
The Arcadian League was established by
Epaminondas again.st Sparta after the battle
of Leuetra, B.C. 371, and under its
auspices the city of Megalopolis was
founded. At this place the coins of the
League were struck.
The coinage of Ro'otia was largely a
federal currency from the eai'liest times,
and the Btpotian shield is a characteristic
feature on the issues. This may iiossibly
refer to the shield of Athena Itonia in the
temple of C'oroneia, which was the meetingplace
of the League. This type disappears
after B.C. 288 and the League was dissolved
by the Romans B.C. 146.
The cities of ('iudcidice established a
League B.C. 392 with Olynthus as headquarters.
The coinage is uniform with
types relating to Apollo. It was dissolved
circa B.C. 358, when Philip II of Macedonia
captured Chalcidice.
The federal coiiuige of Euboea was issued
at Eretria. It lasted from B.C. 411 to B.C.
336 and nothing was struck during the
Macedonian occujiation. After the defeat
of tiie Macedonians at Cynoscephalae B.C.
197 the federal coinage was revived until
this League was also dissolved by the Romans,
B.C. 146.
The Ionian League was a very ancient
alliance and originally consisted of the
cities of Clazometue, Colophon, Ephesus,
Erythrse. Lebedus, Miletus, Myus, Piioca'a,
Priene, Chios, Teos, and Samos. Smyrna
was added about B.C. 700. Under Anto-
[ 1.-51
ninus Pius anil Marcus Aurelius the above
thirteen cities i.ssued l)r()n/,e coins in celebration
of a festival they jointly held.
An alliance between the rulers of the
various Lycian cities gave rise to the Lycian
League, B.C. 168, and lasted until
A.D. 43, when the Emperor Claudius organized
Lycia with Pamijh^'lia as a Roman
province.
Leal. A name sometimes given to the
Portuguese Bazarucco (q.v.). It is usually
found with a large sphere within a
circle as the reverse design. There is a
corresi)onding half known as Cepayqua.
Cerson da Cunha, in Contributions to
the History of Indo-l'orttKjucse NumisvKitirs.
1880 (pp. 11, 22), states that the
Cepayqua was struck by AUnuiueniue at
Goa as early as 1510.
Leang. Sec Liang.
Leather Money. Leather was used as
currency by tiie Lacedaemonians, and
Plato states that leather money was employed
by the Carthaginians in his day, and
that it was probably tlic earliest currency
of tliat peojilc. Tlicse citations, however,
probabl\' refer to the skins of various animals,
and the stamped leather which it is
claimed was used by the Romans before
the introduction of a copper coinage by
Nunui Pompilius was perhaps an entire
skill or pelt rather than a distinctive coin.
There is no doubt, however, that in more
modern times nations have adopted a
leather coinage which frequently served
the function of necessity money, and which
was made redeemable for a metallic currency.
In the year 1241 the Emperor
Frederick 1 1 issued leather coins when he
was besieging Faenza for seven nuinths,
and these were later exchanged for gold
Angustali which had the vahu^ of one and
a cpuirter gold Gulden. The coins issued
by the Emperor contained his portrait impressed
in silver on the leather.
More than a century earlier, i.e., in 1124,
Doniinicus Michieli, Doge of Venice, issued
obsidional coins of leather cut from horse
hides for the beleaguered city of Tyrus.
This coin received the name of Jlichicletta
from its originator. In 1360, John IT,
King of France, authorized the making of
small leather coins with small golden
threads sewn or stamped upon them; this
lie was compelled to do as his treasury was
depleted on account of a ransom of three
million livres paid to the English nation.
Stamped leather coins were issued by Leyden
in 1574, wlieu the city was besieged
by the Spaniards under Valdez ; they bore
as a device three shields and a stag, with
the letters S. M. and H. S.
The Russians at an early period used
skins of animals for currency and later
they employed irregular discs and strips
of leather rudely stamped. The word
"rouble" is derived from the verb to cut,
and some varieties of Russian copper
money are called Puli, from poul, leather;
these words are probably derived from the
I)rimitive leather currency in use in that
countrj'. See an exhaustive paper on this
subject contributed by William Charlton
to the British Numisnuitic Journal (iii.
311).
In 1910 a roll of circular leather tokens
was discovered in the archives of the market
at Aschbach on the Danube in upper
Austria. These tokens bore the crest of
Philip Eder of the guild of masons and
stone-cutters at Eferding (near Aschbach)
and the date 1804. Leather strips were
also found from wliich these tokens were
cut. Mr. Franz Hirmaiui, the founder of
the museum at Aschbach, has discovered
among the records that at the time of the
French occupation the masons and stoneworkers
wei'e employed by the French in
the construction of intrenehments, and
were paid by the master of the guild with
these leather coins which represented the
value of one Groschen. <bVc also Ruding
(i. 131, 346).
Lebetes. A fragmentary inscription recently
found in Crete assesses the payment
of certain fines at so-and-so many Ae^riTe?,
or "Cauldrons." It was therefore by this
name that certain silver Staters of the
fourth century B.C., all countermarked
with a device representing a Cauldron
(Ae^T)?), were known in Crete. Svoronos,
Bull. r»rr. Iltll. 1888. (vol. xii.).
Lebongo. A name given to a currency
made of straw, which was in use in the
I'di'tuguese cdlduy of Angola. Kach jiiece
was of the value of five Reis. It was superseded
in 1693 by a copper coinage.
[
Leeuw, i.e., Lion. A gold coin of Brabant,
Flanders, and the United Provinces.
It was struck by Anthony of Brabant pursuant
to an ordinance of 1408. The Gouden
Leeuw, as it is sometimes called, was
also issued by Philip the Good (1430-
1467) in Flanders and later at Mechlin.
The coin receives its name from the lion
on the obvei"se, who is in an upright position,
and is sometimes depicted holding a
flag or banner in his claws. See Lion
d'Or.
Leeuwendaalder. This, and the Leeuwengroot
are of the same type as the preceding
and are struck in silver. The former
is of crown size and is also known as
the Ecu au Liou. It was issued from 1576
to the close of the seventeenth centurj'.
Legal Tender Notes, also known as
United States Notes. The name given to
a series of paper money first issued by an
Act of Congress of the United States in
1862. They have been issued in denominations
from".$5.00 to $10,000.00, and are a
Legal Tender for all debts, public and
private, except duties on imports and interest
on the public debt.
Leg Dollar. The popular name in the
seventeenth century for the new type of
Rijksdaalder introduced about 1662 for
the Province of ITtrecht. On the reverse
is a Knight staiuling with only one leg
visible, the other being hidden behind an
armorial shield.
Legend, from the Latin legere, the
words running around the coin inside of
the border. See Inscription.
Legierung. A term used by German
numismatic writers to indicate au alloy,
espeiually of silver and copper, or silver
and nickel. The etymology is probably
from th(> Italian Irgare, to bind.
Legionary Coins. A name given to certain
Riinian gold and silver coins which
were issued in honor of the Legions. The
earliest known were struck bj' Mark Antony,
and the last by Carausius. They
usually have the inscription leg.
Legpenninge. See Rechenpfennige.
Lei. S( r Tjcu.
Leicht Geld. A term formerly used in
Hamburg and ajiplied to Pistoles, Sjieciesthaler,
etc., which circulated at a slight
depreciation. See Noback (p. 320).
132]
Leijcesterdaalder Lepton
Leijcesterdaalder. A silver coin of
Crown size issued for (iucldres. West
Prisia, Zeeland, etc., pursuant to an ordisance
of August 4, 1586, and coutiiined
nntil about the middle of the seventeenth
century. It bears on the obverse a reputed
half-length iiortrait of Dudley, Earl of
Leicester, and on the reverse tlie armorial
shields of the six Provinces (on some s])Ccimens
seven), that ojjposed the Si)anisli
rule. From the latter circumstance it is
also known as the Ilnicrijksdaalder.
Lemocia, oi' Lemona. A billon coin of
the Vicomtes de Limoges and copied from
the Barbarin ((/.('.) of Saint Martial. It
takes its imme from Lemovicas, the mediaeval
name of Limoges.
Guide VI, Vicomte of Limoges (12.30-
1263), substituted Ins own portrait on his
coinage, but the pieces were rejected and
the regular Bretagne tvpe restored. Hee.
Blanchet (i. 275).
Lenticular Coins. A name given to such
coins as are siuipcd like a lentil or a lens,
i.e., thicker in the centre and gradually
tapering towards the edge, as in the earliest
emissions of the Koman Aes.
Leone. A Venetian silver coin struck
by Francesco Morosini (1688-1694) for nse
in the Tjcvant. It was copied by his successor,
Silvestro Valier (16i)4-1700).
Alvise II Mocenigo (1700-1709), issued
a similar coin for Zara of a value of eightv
Soldi.
The above coins are called respectively
Leone Morosino and Leone Mocenigo, and
obtain tlieir names from the large figure of
a lion on the reverse. Thei'c are divisions
of halves, ((uarters, and eighths of the same
design.
Leonina. A name given to tlie gold
two Zecchini piece of Pope Leo XII (1823-
1829).
Leonine, or Lionine. A base silver coin,
so called from the figure of a lion. Sec
Brabant and Mitre.
Leonzino, or Leoncino. Another name
for the Tallero of Francis T, Duke of Modena
(1629-1658), and to that of his successor,
Alfonso IV (1658-1662). Its value
was four Bolognini.
Leopard. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin
struck by Edwai-ii 111 of England in 1343.
[ 133
It was (if tlif val\i(' (if iuill' a Florin, and
obtained its name from the crowned
leopai'd (in the obvci-se, though Kuding
states tliat this animal was in reality a
lion.
The legend on the rcscrsc was domine.
Ni; . I x . KvnoRi: . TV( 1 . .\i{(iVAS . M K. Svr Florin.
Leopold d'Or. The poimlar name for
the gold coin of twenty Francs issued by
L(>(il.(il(l 1, King of Belgium (1S31-1865).
Leopoldino. The silver Sciulo issued by
Pietro Leopoldo I, of Lorrain<>, and (Irand
Duke of Tuscany (1765-1790), is so called.
In the mint regulations of 1823 its value
was fixed at ten Paoli, or six and two
thirds Lira, while the ordinary Scudo was
e(|ual to seven Lira.
Leopoldo. The name given to the gold
Ducat issued bj- Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
(1697-1729) ; and also to the silver
Piastre of Leopold II, Duke of Tuscany
(1824-1859).
Lepton. Originall.v this was not a coin,
but simi)ly the smallest pi-actical weight
ajiplied to gold and silver. After the introduction
of copper monc}' in Greece and
Asia I\Iinor the Lepton became an actual
coin.
At Athens seven Lepta went to the
CImlcns {q.v.). In the eastern portion of
the Roman Empire it was used to distinguish
the local copper coins from the im-
]icrial issues. But, generally speaking, the
word Lepton was the term used for a
small copper coin and consequently varied
greatly, according to time and locality.
It was later equal to one half of the
Chalcus {q.v.), as is confirmed from a
comparison of a passage in Polybius (ii.
15) with the well known quotation from
the Gospel of St. Mark (xii. 42). From
Polj'bius we learn that the Assarius was
equal to half an Obolus, or four Chalki.
Tlie Roman Quadrans was therefore equal
to the ("halcus, and as St. Mark says that
the Quadrans contained two Lepta, the
Lepton must have been exactly one half
of the Chalcus.
The w^ord Mite was employed by the
translators of the New Testament simply
because the coin was so very small in size,
and it retained this meaning for a long
]iei-iod. Ilyll, in his Arithmetick, 1600
(iii. 1), says, "Four Mites is the aliijuot part of a peny, viz. 1/6, for 6 times 4 is
24, and so many mites marehants assigne
to'l. peny." Jeake, in his Arithmetick,
1674 (77), states that sixteen Mites are
equal to a Farthing.
C'overdale, in his translation of the New
Testament, 1535, renders the Gospel of St.
Mark (xii. 42) as follows: "And there
came a poore wyddowe, and put in two
mytes, which make a farthinge."
Lepton (plural Lepta). A copper coin
of modern Greece, the Ionian Isles, and the
Greek Republic under Capo d'lstria. It
is the one hundredth part of a Phoenix,
or Drachma. The five Lepta piece is also
called an Obolos. The word Lepton means
thin or fragile.
Lesher Referendum Dollar. See Referendum
Dollar.
Leu, or Lev. A silver coin of Bulgaria
and RoTunania adopted in 1867, when these
countries based their monetary systems on
the Latin Union. One hundred Bani are
equal to one Leu. The plural is Lei, and
the name of the coin is synonymous with
Lira or Livre. Similarly in liulgaria, one
hundred Stotinki are equal to one Lev
(plural Leba).
Levant Dollar. The name given to any
coin whicli is employed in tlie Levant trade,
but especially to tlie Maria Theresa Thaler
of 1780. This piece is alwaj's struck with
this date for commercial purposes, and is
accepted in Zanzibar, Abyssinia, Madagascar,
and many other countries. Its weight
is a trifle over 433 grains, and its original
fineness has been retained. In some of the
African and Asiatic sections this coin is
known as the Tallero del Levante, and in
others as el Real. See Ernest and Wand.
Frederick II of Prussia issued Levant
Dollars in 1766 and 1767 for trade with
the Orient. These have his bust on the
obverse and the motto suum-cuiquk on the
reverse.
Levy. A corruption of "eleven pence,"
and tlic poi)ular name for the Spanish Real
in the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, and New .lersey.
Lewekin. In an ordinance dated July
14, 1424, and rei)rinted by Paul Joseph
(p'. 155), a coin of this name is mentioned
as being eiiual to one twelflli of a Groschcn.
L'
Libella
Lewis. See Louis d'Or.
Leycesterdaalder. See Leijcesterdaalder.
Li, or Le. A Chinese weight, also the
one thousandtli part of the Tael of silver,
and of tiie recent Chinese Dollar or Yuan.
The Li is synonymous to the foreign term
Cash. The copper Li is supposed to weigh
one tenth of a Tael and it is so expressed
on coins of Shun Chih (1644-1661) of the
Manehu dynasty. Recent patterns of some
of the copper coins have values of one, two,
and five Li. The Japanese Rin is equal
to the Li and the same character is vised.
Liang. The Chinese ounce, called by
Europeans Tael (q.v.). Some of the earliest
round (Chinese coins were inscribed Pan
Liang iq.v.), or Half Ounce. Although
the word Liang is seldom seen on coins the
word lias been used as a value on paper
money from the tenth century. Certain
coins of Hsien Feng (1850-1861) have the
word Liang impressed on them as a weight.
Liard. Originally a base silver coin, the
value of which is difficult to determine as
it was generally struck without any marks
of denomination. Some early French varieties
had a value of three Deniers, but with
the decrease in worth of the latter coin the
Liard decreased correspondingly and under
Henry IV it was struck in copper and
became the fourth part of the Sol.
The name is probably a corrujition of li
ardiio, the Gascon form of the Hardi or
Ilardit {q.v.)-
Liardo. A base silver coin struck in
1720 by Antonio Grimani, Prince of Monaco.
Its value was two Denari.
Libella. A Roman silver coin mentioned
by Varro and stated by him to be equal to
half the Sestertius. Tl'ie half of the Libella
was called the Sembella, and the half of
the latter coin, or one fourth of the Libella,
was known as the Teruncia, the last named
coin being little more than a grain and a
half in weight.
Some authorities have doubted the existence
of these smaller coins altogether, and
sup|)()se tliem to be either copper divisions
of the Denarius, or merely money of ac-
<'ouiit. Gronovius states that when Varro
wrote tliere was no such coin as the Libella,
but that the term signified the tenth part
of a Denarius.
Libertina Uon d'Or
Libertina. A silver coin of Ragusa, issued
from 171*1 to 17!)'), with a value of
two Ducati or eighty Grossetti. It was
copied after the Maria Theresa Thaler and
received its name from the iiisi-riplion
LiBKKTAs (in I lie reverse.
Libertini. 'iMie popular name for the
Quatti-ini, struck in Siena in ir)2(j, to pay
the soldiers and repair the fortifications of
the city, after the siege by the troops of
Clement VIT.
Libra. Tiie unit of the gold standard
of Peru, adopted in 1897. It is divided
ijito ten Soles, each of ten Diiiei-os, each
of ten Centavos.
Libralis. S!ee Acs Grave.
Licht Thaler. The name given to a
varietv of silver coins struck by Julius,
Duke of Brnnswick-Liiuebiirg (1568-1589).
They rejji'esent the wild man holding a
caudle or torch in his right hand. There
is a half and ((uai-ter Thaler of the same
design.
Ligurino. The name given to a varietj'
of the silver Luigino {q.v.) of Genoa, issued
in 1G68 and later by the 15anco di
San Giorgio, under ('esare Gentile. It has
on the obvei'se a crowned shield supjiorted
by two griffins, and on the reverse a bust,
inscribed "Liguria."
Lily Root Money. The name given to
a variet.v of ("hiuese metallic currency on
account of its resemblance to the root of a
lily cut in half. These pieces ai'e described
in" detail by Ramsden {pp. 28-29).
Lima Type. The word Lima, which occurs
on certain coins of George II of
England, indicates that these i)ieces were
coined in great part from silver captured
by the two British privateers, "ijuke,"
and "Prince Frederick." This capture
occurred on July 10, 1745, when the above
mentioned vessels took two ships belonging
to St. Malo, which were returning from
Lima.
Another explanation, given by Snelling,
that tiie silver formed part of the cargo
of the great Mexican treasure-ship from
Acapulco taken by Anson, June 20, 1743,
is obviously unsatisfactory, because the
above-mentioned inscription indicates that,
the metal was of Peruvian and not Mexican
origin.
[
The Crowns occur only with the date
174(>, but there are half Crowns, Shillings,
and six Pences dated 1745 aiul 174().
Lincoln Cent. The pop\dai' name for
the co|)p(>i' Cent of the Ignited States of
America, fii'st issued in 1!)()9. It l)ears a
bust of Abraham Lincoln on the obverse,
from designs b.v \'ictor 1). Prenner.
Lingot. A term used by French luimismatic
writers to describe a cast bar of
metal adapted for monetar.v i)Ui'p(ises and
sometimes stamped with a niiiiu'i-Ml of
value, etc.
Linsen Dukaten. The nickname given
to the one thirty-second Ducats of Nuremberg
and Regensburg, because the.v resemble
lentils in size.
Lion. A gold coin of Scotland, first
sti'uck in the reign of Robert II (1371-
l:i90) and continued until 1588. It received
its name from the rampant lion
over the shield of Scotland on the obverse.
The reverse has a figure of St. Andrew extended
on a saltirc cross, hence the name
"St. Andrew" fre(|uently given to these
coins.
The weight was originally thirty-eight
grains, but later it varied considerably. A
larger coin of nearl.y double the size, but
of the same type, received the name of
Demy (q.v.).
A Scotch billon coin has received the
same name. See Hard Head.
Lion. A billon coin of the Anglo-Gallic
series, first issued by Edward I.
It derives its name from the representation,
on the obverse, of a lion passant
guardant, which was the heraldic bearing
of Acjuitaine. This device was previously
incorporated by Henry II, with two lions
passant guardant, the arms of Normandy,
thus forming the coat since borne by the
Knglish Kings. See also Leeuw.
Lion a la Haie. See Tuin.
Lion Dollar. See Leeuwendaalder and
Dog Dollar.
Lion d'Or. A gold coin of France
which appears to have been sti'uck onl.v in
the reign of Philip VI (1328-1350). It
resembles the Ecu d'Or of the same ruler,
the only difference being the figure of a
lion lying at the foot of the throne, from
which it obtains its name.
The t.ype was copied in Flanders and
the Low Countries, receiving the name of
Goiideu Leeuw.
Lion Heaume. The name given to a
variety of tlie gold Florin issued in Flanders
by Louis de Male (1346-1384). It
has on the obverse the figure of a helmeted
lion under a Gothic archway and the
inscription lvdovicvs : dei : gra : com' :
Z DNS : FLANDRIE. with FLANDRES in the
exergue. See Heaume.
Lion Shilling. Lion Sixpence. A name
given to the Shilling and Sixpence of the
third type f)f George IV, issued in 1825.
These have on the reverse a crowned lion
standing on a crown, with the rose, thistle,
and shamrock below.
The Shilling of Edward VII bears the
royal crest, a lion standing on a crown,
and recalls the earlier type.
Lira, plural Lire, and derived from the
Latin word libra, a pound, was originally
a money of account in Venice. Payments
of Lira di Grossi, while made in the latter
coins, were based on their weight irrespective
of their number. The Doge Nicolo
Tron (1471-1473) introduced the so-called
Lira Tron, which bore his bust on one side
and the lion of St. Mark on the reverse.
It was divided into twenty Soldi of twelve
Denari, and was copied by some of his
successors.
When Italy adopted the Latin Union
standard the silver Lira was made the unit
and placed on a par value with the Franc.
It is divided into one hundred Oentesimi.
The Lira is used in the Italian colonies, in
Lonibartly, Venice, and in San Marino.
Lira. See Pound Turkish.
Lira Aragonese. See .laquesa.
Lira Austriaca. See Svanzica.
Lira Jaquesa. See Jaquesa.
Lira Mocenigo. See Mocenigo.
Lira Tron. See Lira.
Lirazza. A base silver coin of Venice
issued at the beginning of the eighteenth
century, and euri'cnt until the termination
of the Republic, its value originally appears
to have been thirty Soldi, but the
later specimens declined to ecpiivalents of
fifteen, ten, and five Soldi, and frequently
have the value indicated on the reverse
in Roman inimerals. See Traro.
[1
Liretta. A Venetian base silver coin introduced
bj- the Doge Nicolo Sagredo
(1675-1676) and copied by a number of
his successors to the end of the Republic.
For Zara the Venetians issued pieces of
four, eight, eighteen, and twenty Lirette
during the eighteenth century.
Lirona. A base silver coin of the Venetian
Republic, originally issued pursuant
to an act of January 5, 1571, under the
Doge Alvise I. Mocenigo. It beai'S on the
reverse the numeral X, to indicate its
value of ten Gazzette. This method of inscribing
was at a later period used for
the Lirazza- (q.v.).
Lisbonino. The double Moeda de Ouro
of the Portuguese monetary sj'Stem, and
commonly known as the Moidore. It was
the fifth of a Dobrao, and originally worth
four thousand Reis, but raised to four
thousand and eight hundred in 1688. See
Portuguez.
Lis d'Argent. A silver coin of France
struck bj- Louis XIV of the value of twenty
Sols. The reverse has a cross composed
of eight letter L's, with flenrs-de-lis in the
angles. The motto is dominie. elegisti.
LiLH'M . TiBi. There are halves and quarters
of ten and five Sols, respectively.
Lis d'Or. A corresponding gold coin
with the same motto and a device representing
two angels supporting a crowned
shield. Both coins appear to have been
issued only in the years 1655 to 1657, although
essays appeared in 1653. The Italians
gave it the name of Fiordaliso d'oro,
and Gigliato d'oro.
Litra. The bronze basis of Sicily, corresponding
to the Roman Libra or Pound.
It was also represented by a silver coin
of three Hemioboli, and under the standard
of Tarentum, the one tenth of the
Stater, weighing 0.87 grammes.
The divisions of the Siculo-Italiote
bronze Litra are the following in corresponding
terms of the Roman As:
Xtxpa == As, or 12 ounces
^zA(^)yv.^o^ = deunx, or 10 ounces
•fiij.'.Xt-rptov = semis, or 6 ounces
-sv-co-i-y.tov = (piincunx, or 5 ounces
Tstpa? ^= triens, or 4 ounces
•rpiai; = quadrans, or 3 ounces
eta? = sextans, or 2 ounces
ou7x.ta '= uncia, or 1 ounce
36]
Livonese Lo-han Cash
Tlic multiples are the
x£VT»;/.Civ-a),iTpov = 50 litrae
SexaXt-pov = 10 litrae
irevxaXttpov = 5 litrae
StXtTpov = 2 litrae
The majority of these were struck in
bronze or silver, sometimes even in gold.
Livonese. A silvci' Russian issue struck
by the Czarina Elizabetii for Livonia and
Esthonia, pursuant to an ordinance of
October 2'), ITnG. They consisted of pieces
of ninety-six, forty-ei^'ht, twenty-four,
four, and two Kopecks, but were soon
withdrawn from circulation. See Noback
(p. 9-2;^).
Livomino, also known as the Livornina
delle Torre. A silver Piastre, struck for
Leghorn in Kififi by Ferdinand II de Medici,
(irand Diikc of Tuscan}', and by his
successors, Cosiiuo III, and Gian Gastone.
It has a view of the fortress of Leghorn
on the reverse.
Livre. Originally the monej' of account
in France, and computed at twenty
Hous of twelve Deniers each. However,
by reason of the debasement of the silver
coinage this ratio could not be maintained
and it sank rapidly in value, and was
fiiiall}' abolished in ISOH when the Franc
system was established. The ratio of silver
to gold was then made at fifteen and
one half to one, and the decimal system
was introduced.
Livre Faible. See Lausannais.
Livre Tournois. A silver coin of
France, si.\ of which were ecpial to the
Ecu. It was generally known simjilj- as
the Livre and must not be confused with
the money of account of the same name.
It was abolished in lSO;i when the Franc
sj'stem was adoi^ted.
Locha. A popular name of the Cuartillo
or nickel I'ii^ Centimos of Venezuela.
Locumtenensthaler. The name given to
a mciialiic Tlialci- of tiie Elector Frederick
111 of Saxony (U8G-]r)25), issued in 1518
and later, on account of the inscription
IMHKRIQVE.LOCVMTENES. GENERAL., & title
conferred on him by the Emperor Maximilian
I.
Loserthaler, or Juliusliiser are large silver
coins of the value of from two to
sixteen Speciesthaler, issued by -lulius,
[1
Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg (1568-
1589), and made from the product of his
silver mines.
These coina owe their origin to an ordilumce
of the Duke to the effe<'t that every
one of his subjects, according to their rank
and station, was to redeem one of these
coins ( Loser, i.e., redeemer), and be prepared
to account for the same whenever
ilemanded. They could pawn them in ea.se
of necessity but wei'c not allowed to sell
or exchange them. By this arrangement
the Duke was always kept informed as to
the amount of silver money in his dominions
which he could levy upon in case
of necessity. The latter exigency never
arose, nevertheless these coins are scarce,
although a large inimber were struck.
They were made at Heinrichstadt, and
bear on the reverse the ducal armorial
shield supported by two wild men. See
Wildemannsthalei'.
Losungs-Dukat. Losungs-Thaler. The
name given to a gold and silver coinage
struck by Gustavus Adolphus for Wiirzburg
in 1631 and 1632. The name means
"Redeemer," and the coins receive their
designation fi'om the inscri])tion "Gott mit
uus, " on the reverse.
Lowenpfennige. This name is given to
a variety of I'.racteates, generally the
twelfth part of the early Groschen, issued
in Saxony, etc., in the early part of the
fifteenth century. They obtain their name
fi'um tlic shield on which is a lion rampant.
An ordinance of 1482 for the mintmaster
Augustin Horn of Zwickau reads "die
Pfennig soltn .schlecht mit dem Geprege
cins Lawen usw. slahen."
These coins were also called Lauenpfennige,
ami the type was cojiied by the city
of Brunswick. The latter have the letter
B above or at the side of the shield. The
Liiwenheller of Lndwig III, Elector of the
Palatinate {1410-1436) have a crowned
lion ram|)ant, and are of somewhat smaller
size.
Lo-han Cash. A Chinese coin issued in
the reign of Kang Ilsi (1662-1722), and
said to have been made from melted down
Lo-han images. It can be distinguished
from the other coins of this reign by the
ditTcrc:it form of the character hsi.
Long Cross Type. The name used to
describe a series of English silver Pennies
first struck by Henry III in 1248. They
have on the reverse a long double cross
extending to the edge of the coin. See
.Short Cross Type.
Lord Baltimore Pieces. An issue of
silver Shillings, Si.xpenee, Fourpence, and
a copper Penny for the Province of Mar.vland
in 1659. P<ir varieties and details
see Crosby.
Lord Lucas Farthings. A name given
to certain pattern Farthings bearing the
words QVATVOR . MARIA . VINDICO .
, i.e., "I
claim the four seas," which legend is said
to have given offence to Louis XIV. Lord
Lucas referred to them in a speech in the
House of Lords, on February 22, 1670-
1671, wlien he complained of the scarcity
of money, as follows
:
"Of his now Majesty's coin there appears
but very little, so that in effect we
have none left for common use but a little
lean coined money of the late three foi'mer
princes. And wluit supply is preparing
for it, my Lords? I hear of none unless
it be of copper farthings, and this is the
metal that is to vindicate, according to the
inscri])tioii on it, the dominion of the four
seas. '
'
The "sui)ply" appeared in 1672, when
a copper currency for general use appeared,
and the Farthing became a legal
tender. See Ending (ii. 14).
Lorrain. See Double Lorrain.
Lorraines. A name given to the Testoons,
issued in Scotland in 1558 and 1560
from the hirge crowned monogram F M
{i.e., Francis and Marj') between two Lorraine
crosses, which these coins bear on the
reverse.
Lot. The (ine sixteenth of the Mark
(q.v.).
Lott, or Solot. A Siamese cojiper coin,
the hair (if the Att. See Tical.
Lotterie Dukat. An undated gold coin
(iT ITal/.-Siilzliiich, struck by the Elector
Karl Tlicodor (1742-1777, and in Bavaria
until 17!)!l). It has on the rever.se the
figure of a nude Fortuna standing on a
globe and the inscriptions indvstri^-sors
above, and hao favente below.
Lotus Coins. Srr Padiiia 'i'anka.
[
Louis, or Louis d'Argent. A French
silver coin, first struck by Louis XIV in
1643. It is generall.y known by its size
and its equivalent in Sols. Thus the largest
is the Louis de 60 Sols, from which
there is a graduated series of Louis de
30 Sols, de 15 Sols, de 5 Sols, de 30 Deniers,
and de 15 Deniers.
The Louis de Cinq Sols was specially
struck for the Oriental trade, and was extensively
imitated. See Luigino.
Louis aux Lunettes. A nickname used
to designate a type of Tjouis d'Or, struck
by Louis X\'I in 1777 and later. The two
shields of France and Navarre on the reverse
were supposed to resemble a pair of
spectacles.
The Ecu aux Lunettes was of the same
design. Sec Rrillenthaler.
Louis aux Palmes. The name given to
a variety of the Louis d'Or of Louis XVI
which has on the reverse a crowned shield
in a frame of palm leaves.
Louis d'Or. A gold coin of Prance, first
struck by Louis XIII in 1640, when the
refornuition of the currency took place,
and continued until the Revolution of
178!), when the twenty Franc piece took
its place. Its original value was ten Livres,
but this fluctuated and in the reign of
Louis XVI it went as high as fourteen
Livres. There are divisions and multiples
as high as an octuple Louis d'Or.
The London Gazette of 1674 (No. 904)
mentions "Lewises of Gold . . . Escalines
of Gold."
Louisiana Cent. A name given to the
copper Sous inscribed colonies Francoises
and dated 1721 and 1722, because they
were intended for almost exclusive use in
the French colony of Louisiana, which at
that time incliuled nearly all the territory
between the Alleghanies and the Rocky
Mountains.
Lovenaar. A silver coin of Brabant,
struck in 1488 during the minority of
I'hilip the Good. The reverse inscription
is taken from the Book of Psalms (cxxi.
7), and reads: piat.pax.in. virtvtk.tva.
Love Thaler. See Janauschek Thaler.
Lucati. The popular name for the
Fiorini, with the figure of St. Martin,
struck in Lucca under Republican rule
(circa 1200-1342).
13S]
Lucchese Nuovo Lycian League
Lucchese Nuovo. A Deiiaro of Liicca,
euri'ciit in tlic twflftli ceiitiiry. See Infortiati.
Lucre. An expression nieaniiifj; a gain
in money, and usually employed in an ill
sense, or with the sense of something base
or unworthy. Alexander Pope has the
line,
Til.- Iiisl 111 lu.li.. iiml 111.' ilr.'nil cif ili-iitli,"
and Byron, in Eiujiisk Bards and i^cotch
h'cricirers (xii.), has:
•Wh.i i:iikc>(l their brains for Iikmt. mil for fami'."
The translators of the New Testament
make use of the following terms: "Not
greedy of tilthy luere,"' I Timothy (iii. 3) ;
"A hisho]) must he . . . not given to tilthy
luere," Titus (i. 7); "Teaching things
whieh they ought not, for filthy lucre's
sake," Titus (i. 11); "Feed the tlock of
(lod . . . not for filtiiv lucre," 1 Peter (v.
2).
_
Lucullei. The name given to gold coins
struck in (ii-eece under Sylla. Sec Blanehet
(p. 5).
Liibische Pfennige. See Ilohlpfennige.
Liigenthaler. Tlie name given to a
Thaler struck by Henry Julius of Brunswick-
Liineburg, in IS'Jfi and 1597. It has
on the reverse an inscription hvete.dich.
FVR.DER.TADT.DEK.LVEGEN . WIRDT . WOL .
RADT.
For an extended account of the origin
of this coin co)if. Madai (No. 1111).
Luigi. The common name for the gold
coin of ten Scudi, struck in Malta by
Emainiele Pinto (1741-1773) and his succe.
ssors. It was of the same value as the
Louis d'Or. See Beato Luigi.
Luigino. The common nickname for the
silver coins (tf five Sols, or one twelfth
Livre, originally struck by Louis XIV in
1643. They received this title in Italy, to
which country they were sent in large
(luantities for use in the Levantine trade.
S<'{' Tjouis.
Luigino. A silver coin of (ienoa issued
in lt)68 and later by the Banco di San
Giorgio, under Cesare (ientile. It has on
the obverse a crowned shield sup|)orted by
two griffins, and on the rever.se a figure of
St. George on horseback. From the latter
circumstance it is sometimes called Giorgino.
Its value represented 24 .Soldi.
The Luigino was also issued by the
Spinola family of Ronco, Tassarolo, and
Arquata; by Yiolante Lomellini for Tor-
I'iglia; and by the Malaspiua family for
Fosdinovo ( l(it)7-l()77). It was copied
from the half Ecu or piece of five Sols
struck at Trevoux. See Timmin, and conf.
Poey d'Avant (viii. 109).
Lundrenses. Kiiding (i. lit:Mft4) cites
an ordinance of 127!M2<S0, empowering
William de Tnriiemii'c! of Marseilles, the
master of the mint, to make Farthings
throughout England. They were called
Lundrenses, probably on account of the
inscription eonooniensis on the reverse.
Lundress. W. Lowndes, in liis Amendninit
to the Silver Coinage, 1695 (p. 17),
states that "A Sterling . . . was once
called a Lundress, becaiise it was to be
('oined only at Loudon."
Lunga. See Moneta Lunga.
Lu'ong Bac. See Nen.
Lupetta. See Cervia.
Lushburger. A name given to a silver
Penny imported from Luxemburg into
England, in the reign of Edward III and
forbidden in the latter country.
Langland, Piers I'lour/hnian, 1377 (xv.
342), says, "In lussheborwes is a lyther
alay (? alloy) aiul yet loketh he like a
sterlynge. '
'
t'liaucer, in the pi'ologue 1o the Monk's
Tale (74) states "God woot no lussheburgh
])ayen ye;" and Oowell, in The Interpreter
1607, mentions Lushoborow, "a base coine
vsed in the dales of King Ed. the 3.
coined beyond Seas to the likenes of English
money."
Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346
"man}' merchants and others carried the
good money out of the realm, and brought
in false money called Lusshebournes, whieh
were worth oidy eight shillings the ])ound
or less.
'
'
Lutherthaler. These are medals rather
than coins, and the name is applied to
pieces struck in 1661 at Eisleben, and in
1717 to commemorate the bicentenary of
the Reformation. They usually have a
bust of Luther on the obverse.
Lycian League. See League Coinage.